Benzalkonium Chloride Induces a VBNC State in Listeria monocytogenes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Listeria monocytogenes Isolate under Study and Biocide Susceptibility Testing
2.2. Adaptation to Benzalkonium Chloride
2.3. Determination of Culturable Cells after BC Exposure
2.4. Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing and Flow Cytometric Analysis
2.5. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Adapted L. monocytogenes Cells Show Shifts in MICs of BC and Some Antibiotics
3.2. Adaptation Increased the Proportion of Cells with Intact Membranes at high BC Concentrations
3.3. Adapted Cells Maintain Metabolic Activity at High BC Concentrations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in µg mL−1 | A | |||||||||||||
VAN | T/S | TGC | TET | RIF | PEN | MER | LIZ | GEN | ERY | DPT | CRO | CIP | AMP | BC [µg mL−1]1 |
1 | 0.0625/1.1875 | 0.0625 | 1 | 0.125 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 2 | 2 | <0.25 | 16 | 128 | 4 | 0.25 | 0 |
<1 | 0.0625/1.1875 | 0.0625 | 0.5 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 0.125 | 1 | 2 | <0.25 | 16 | 128 | 4 | 0.25 | 1 |
<1 | 0.0625/1.1875 | 0.0625 | 0.25 | 0.0625 | 0.0625 | 0.0625 | 0.5 | 0.5 | <0.25 | 16 | 64 | 1 | 0.125 | 2 |
<1 | 0.03125/0.59375 | <0.03125 | <0.25 | <0.0625 | <0.0625 | <0.0625 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.25 | <0.5 | <1 | <0.25 | <0.0625 | 3 |
Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations in µg mL−1 | B | |||||||||||||
VAN | T/S | TGC | TET | RIF | PEN | MER | LIZ | GEN | ERY | DPT | CRO | CIP | AMP | BC [µg mL−1] 1 |
1 | <0.03125/0.59375 | 0.0625 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | <0.25 | 16 | 64 | 4 | 0.25 | 0 |
<1 | <0.03125/0.59375 | <0.03125 | <0.25 | 0.0625 | 0.0625 | 0.125 | 0.5 | <0.5 | <0.25 | 4 | 16 | 0.5 | 0.25 | 1 |
<1 | <0.03125/0.59375 | <0.03125 | <0.25 | <0.0625 | 0.0625 | <0.0625 | <0.5 | <0.5 | <0.25 | <0.5 | 1 | <0.25 | <0.0625 | 2 |
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Noll, M.; Trunzer, K.; Vondran, A.; Vincze, S.; Dieckmann, R.; Al Dahouk, S.; Gold, C. Benzalkonium Chloride Induces a VBNC State in Listeria monocytogenes. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020184
Noll M, Trunzer K, Vondran A, Vincze S, Dieckmann R, Al Dahouk S, Gold C. Benzalkonium Chloride Induces a VBNC State in Listeria monocytogenes. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(2):184. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020184
Chicago/Turabian StyleNoll, Matthias, Katharina Trunzer, Antje Vondran, Szilvia Vincze, Ralf Dieckmann, Sascha Al Dahouk, and Carolin Gold. 2020. "Benzalkonium Chloride Induces a VBNC State in Listeria monocytogenes" Microorganisms 8, no. 2: 184. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020184