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Microorganisms
Volume 9
Issue 12
10.3390/microorganisms9122616
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Article

Wild Rabbit Exposure to Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia caballi Evidenced by Serum and Aqueous Humor Antibody Detection

by
Labrini V. Athanasiou
1,*,
Eleni G. Katsogiannou
1,
Constantina N. Tsokana
1,
Sofia G. Boutsini
2,
Marina G. Bisia
1 and
Vasileios G. Papatsiros
1
1
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
2
Veterinary Centre of Athens, General Directorate of Veterinary Services, Parasitology—Parasitic Diseases, Entomology and Bee Health Department, 15341 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2021, 9(12), 2616; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122616
Submission received: 13 November 2021 / Revised: 9 December 2021 / Accepted: 14 December 2021 / Published: 17 December 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farm Animal and Wildlife Zoonotic Microorganisms)
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Abstract

Wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) can be important sentinel species for the presence of zoonotic pathogens. Therefore, we collected blood samples from wild rabbits harvested by hunters during the hunting season 2019–2020 on the island of Lemnos, to determine exposure of wild rabbits to the zoonotic pathogens Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia caballi, as well as aqueous humor to assess its diagnostic performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios. Antibodies against these pathogens were detected by Indirect Immunofluorescence Antibody (IFA) assay. Out of the 72 wild rabbits included in the study, 4.2%, 5.5%, 18% and 9.7% were seropositive to L. infantum, T. gondii, A. phagocytophilum and B. caballi, respectively. Although less frequently, antibodies were also detected in aqueous humor of wild rabbits. The antibody detection in aqueous humor presented 100% specificity but decreased sensitivity compared to serum suggesting that aqueous humor could be successfully used in epidemiological studies to confirm exposure at the population level but has little diagnostic value at the individual level. This is the first report on the seropositivity of wild rabbits to A. phagocytophilum and B. caballi and the detection of antibodies against A. phagocytopylum, L. infantum, T. gondii and B. caballi in the aqueous humor.
Keywords: aqueous humor; A. phagocytophilum; B. caballi; L. infantum; T. gondii; antibodies; Indirect Immunofluorescence Antibody Assay; serology; wild rabbits aqueous humor; A. phagocytophilum; B. caballi; L. infantum; T. gondii; antibodies; Indirect Immunofluorescence Antibody Assay; serology; wild rabbits

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MDPI and ACS Style

Athanasiou, L.V.; Katsogiannou, E.G.; Tsokana, C.N.; Boutsini, S.G.; Bisia, M.G.; Papatsiros, V.G. Wild Rabbit Exposure to Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia caballi Evidenced by Serum and Aqueous Humor Antibody Detection. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 2616. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122616

AMA Style

Athanasiou LV, Katsogiannou EG, Tsokana CN, Boutsini SG, Bisia MG, Papatsiros VG. Wild Rabbit Exposure to Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia caballi Evidenced by Serum and Aqueous Humor Antibody Detection. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(12):2616. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122616

Chicago/Turabian Style

Athanasiou, Labrini V., Eleni G. Katsogiannou, Constantina N. Tsokana, Sofia G. Boutsini, Marina G. Bisia, and Vasileios G. Papatsiros. 2021. "Wild Rabbit Exposure to Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia caballi Evidenced by Serum and Aqueous Humor Antibody Detection" Microorganisms 9, no. 12: 2616. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122616

APA Style

Athanasiou, L. V., Katsogiannou, E. G., Tsokana, C. N., Boutsini, S. G., Bisia, M. G., & Papatsiros, V. G. (2021). Wild Rabbit Exposure to Leishmania infantum, Toxoplasma gondii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Babesia caballi Evidenced by Serum and Aqueous Humor Antibody Detection. Microorganisms, 9(12), 2616. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9122616

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