Pathophysiological Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Context of Gut Microbiota-Liver Axis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microbial Riboflavin Biosynthesis Pathway and MAIT Cell Activation
3. Gut Microbiota and MAIT Cells
4. MAIT Cells and Diseases
4.1. MAIT Cells and Liver Disease
4.1.1. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
4.1.2. Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (ALD)
4.1.3. Viral Hepatitis
5. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease | Study Models | Frequency and Phenotype of MAIT Cells | Remarks | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
NAFLD | Mr1 KO mice model -NAFLD Patients | Frequency: Blood↓, Liver↑ Markers: Blood CD69, CD38, HLA-DR, PD-1, CXCR6, CCR5↑; Liver MR1 (Kupffer cells) ↑ | Deficiency triggers steatohepatitis | [32] |
ALD | AH patients | Frequency: Blood↓, Liver↑ Markers: CD161↑, CD69↑, CD38↑, HLA-DR↑, Granzyme B↑ Activation factors ↑ | Alcohol cessation reverses MAIT cell abnormalities | [66] |
Cirrhosis | -Cirrhotic ALD patients -CCl4-induced liver injury mice model | Frequency: Blood↓, Liver↑ Markers: Blood CD25↑, CD69↑, IL-17↑, Granzyme B↑, IFN-γ↑, TNF↑; Liver: IL-17 ↑, MR1 ↑ | -Profibrogenic -Macrophage recruitment | [63] |
HCC | HCC patients | Frequency: Blood↓, Tumor ↓ Markers: Tumor CD38↑, HLA-DR↑, CCR6↓, CXCR6↓, CCR9↓ Blood CD45RO; Liver CD28↓, CD127↓ | Infiltration of tumor by MAIT results in dismal clinical outcomes | [67,68,69] |
HCV | Chronic HCV infection | Frequency: Blood↓, Liver↓ Markers: Granzyme B↓, IFN-γ↓, CD69↓, IL-12↑, IL-18↑, | Inverse correlation between MAIT cell frequency and liver inflammation | [70,71] |
HBV | Chronic HBV infection | Frequency: Blood↓, Liver↓ Markers: Granzyme B↓, IFN- γ↓, CD69↓, | Impaired cytotoxic function with reduced CD69 expression | [72,73] |
AILD | AILD patients | Frequency: Blood↓, Liver↓ Markers: CD38↓, HLA-DR↓, CTLA-4↓, IFN-γ↓, Foxp3↑, CD8↑, CD161↑, Granzyme B↑ | Promote Profibrogenic Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation | [56,74] |
IBD | IBD patients | Frequency: Blood↓, Inflamed tissue↑ Markers: IFN-γ↓, IL-17↑, CD69↑, PD-1↑, annexin V↑, CCL20↑, CXCL10↑, CXCL16↑, CCL25↑ | MAIT cells migrate to inflamed tissue | [75,76] |
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Gebru, Y.A.; Choi, M.R.; Raja, G.; Gupta, H.; Sharma, S.P.; Choi, Y.R.; Kim, H.S.; Yoon, S.J.; Kim, D.J.; Suk, K.T. Pathophysiological Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Context of Gut Microbiota-Liver Axis. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020296
Gebru YA, Choi MR, Raja G, Gupta H, Sharma SP, Choi YR, Kim HS, Yoon SJ, Kim DJ, Suk KT. Pathophysiological Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Context of Gut Microbiota-Liver Axis. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(2):296. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020296
Chicago/Turabian StyleGebru, Yoseph Asmelash, Mi Ran Choi, Ganesan Raja, Haripriya Gupta, Satya Priya Sharma, Ye Rin Choi, Hyeong Seop Kim, Sang Jun Yoon, Dong Joon Kim, and Ki Tae Suk. 2021. "Pathophysiological Roles of Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in the Context of Gut Microbiota-Liver Axis" Microorganisms 9, no. 2: 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020296