Direct and Indirect Effects of Management Intensity and Environmental Factors on the Functional Diversity of Lichens in Central European Forests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study System
2.2. Plot Selection
2.3. Forest Management Intensity
2.4. Vegetation Data and Environmental Forest Variables
2.5. Functional Trait Data and Functional Diversity Calculations
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Effects of Forest Management Intensity and Ecosystem Components on Lichen Functional Diversity
3.2. Contrasting Findings for FDisTotal, FDisAd and FDisRe
4. Discussion
4.1. Direct Effects of Management Intensity on Environmental Variables and Related Effects on Lichen Species Richness
4.2. Direct and Indirect Effect of Management Intensity and Environmental Variables on Lichen Functional Diversity
4.3. Implications for Forest Management
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Schwäbische Alb | Hainich-Dün | Schorfheide-Chorin | |
---|---|---|---|
Location | SW Germany | Central Germany | NE Germany |
Size | ~422 km2 | ~1300 km2 | ~1300 km2 |
Geology | Calcareous bedrock | Calcareous bedrock | Young glacial landscape |
Elevation a.s.l. | 460–860 m | 285–550 m | 3–140 m |
Annual mean temperature | 6–7 °C | 6.5–8 °C | 8–8.5 °C |
Annual mean precipitation | 700–1000 mm | 500–800 mm | 500–600 mm |
N plots | 158 | 175 | 309 |
Lichen species richness | |||
Mean (se) | 18.61 (0.7) | 5.0 (0.2) | 5.9 (0.2) |
Range | 3–54 | 0–15 | 0–17 |
FDisTotal | |||
Mean (se) | 0.3 (<0.01) | 0.3 (<0.01) | 0.3 (<0.01) |
Range | 0.2–0.5 | 0.2–0.5 | 0.2–0.5 |
FDisAd | |||
Mean (se) | 0.2 (<0.01) | 0.3 (<0.01) | 0.3 (<0.01) |
Range | 0.1–0.5 | 0.1–0.4 | 0.1–0.5 |
FDisRe | |||
Mean (se) | 0.3 (<0.01) | 0.3 (<0.01) | 0.4 (<0.01) |
Range | 0.2–0.4 | 0.2–0.5 | 0.2–0.5 |
Standing tree biomass [m3/ha] | |||
Mean (se) | 323.9 (15.8) | 400.1 (14.9) | 441.9 (10.8) |
Range | 0–1017 | 0–882 | 0–1002 |
SMId | |||
Mean (se) | 0.5 (<0.1) | 0.4 (<0.1) | 0.3 (<0.1) |
Range | 0–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 |
Deadwood cover [%] | |||
Mean (se) | 3.7 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.2) | 3.8 (0.2) |
Range | 0.5–20.0 | 0.5–15.0 | 0.5–25.0 |
Rock cover [%] | |||
Mean (se) | 1.0 (0.2) | 0.2 (<0.1) | 0.3 (<0.1) |
Range | 0–11 | 0–4 | 0–6 |
Proportional conifer cover | |||
Mean (se) | 18.6 (3.2) | 3.4 (1.1) | 23.1 (1.9) |
Range | 0–100 | 0–91 | 0–100 |
Woody species richness | |||
Mean (se) | 7.5 (0.3) | 6.8 (0.2) | 5.3 (0.2) |
Range | 1–16 | 1–14 | 1–16 |
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Boch, S.; Saiz, H.; Allan, E.; Schall, P.; Prati, D.; Schulze, E.-D.; Hessenmöller, D.; Sparrius, L.B.; Fischer, M. Direct and Indirect Effects of Management Intensity and Environmental Factors on the Functional Diversity of Lichens in Central European Forests. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020463
Boch S, Saiz H, Allan E, Schall P, Prati D, Schulze E-D, Hessenmöller D, Sparrius LB, Fischer M. Direct and Indirect Effects of Management Intensity and Environmental Factors on the Functional Diversity of Lichens in Central European Forests. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(2):463. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020463
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoch, Steffen, Hugo Saiz, Eric Allan, Peter Schall, Daniel Prati, Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Dominik Hessenmöller, Laurens B. Sparrius, and Markus Fischer. 2021. "Direct and Indirect Effects of Management Intensity and Environmental Factors on the Functional Diversity of Lichens in Central European Forests" Microorganisms 9, no. 2: 463. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020463