Microbial Sharing between Pediatric Patients and Therapy Dogs during Hospital Animal-Assisted Intervention Programs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Sample Collection
2.2. Laboratory Processing
2.2.1. 16SS rRNA Gene Amplification and Sequencing
2.2.2. Bioinformatics and Quality Control
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population and Samples
3.2. Relative Abundance
3.3. Alpha Diversity
3.4. Beta Diversity
3.4.1. Beta Diversity Distribution
3.4.2. Beta Diversity Distance
4. Discussion
4.1. Distinct Microbial Profiles and Shifts in Patients and Therapy Dogs
4.2. Closer Contact between the Patient and Therapy Dog Increased Microbial Sharing
4.3. Canine Decolonization Intervention Modified Microbial Sharing
4.4. Strengths, Limitations, and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Visits | Control Visits | Intervention Visits | |
---|---|---|---|
Study Population | |||
Patients | N (% Total) | N (% Total) | |
N total sampled | 49 *45 | 26 (53%) *23 | 23 (47%) *22 |
Male (%) | 31 (63%) | 15 (58%) | 16 (69%) |
Age (y), mean (range) | 11.68 (1.9–20.4) | 11.07 (1.9–18.4) | 12.41 (3.5–20.4) |
High Contact (%) | 25 (51%) | 12 (46%) | 13 (56%) |
Visits | N (% Total) | N (% Total) | |
Total | 13 | 8 (62%) | 5 (38%) |
Patients per visit, mean (range) | 3.77 (2–6) | 3.25 (2–5) | 4.6 (3–6) |
Therapy Dogs | |||
N Unique Dogs | 4 | ||
Male (%) | 1 (25%) | ||
Age (y), mean (range) | 6.43 (1.5–12) | ||
Samples | |||
From Patients | 79 | 43 (54%) | 36 (46%) |
From Dogs | 26 | 16 (62%) | 10 (38%) |
From Environment | 24 | 14 (58%) | 10 (42%) |
Total Samples | 129 | 73 (57%) | 56 (43%) |
Field Blanks | 12 | 7 (58%) | 5 (42%) |
Laboratory Controls | 21 | ||
Total Controls | 33 |
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Dalton, K.R.; Ruble, K.; Redding, L.E.; Morris, D.O.; Mueller, N.T.; Thorpe, R.J., Jr.; Agnew, J.; Carroll, K.C.; Planet, P.J.; Rubenstein, R.C.; et al. Microbial Sharing between Pediatric Patients and Therapy Dogs during Hospital Animal-Assisted Intervention Programs. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051054
Dalton KR, Ruble K, Redding LE, Morris DO, Mueller NT, Thorpe RJ Jr., Agnew J, Carroll KC, Planet PJ, Rubenstein RC, et al. Microbial Sharing between Pediatric Patients and Therapy Dogs during Hospital Animal-Assisted Intervention Programs. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(5):1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051054
Chicago/Turabian StyleDalton, Kathryn R., Kathy Ruble, Laurel E. Redding, Daniel O. Morris, Noel T. Mueller, Roland J. Thorpe, Jr., Jacqueline Agnew, Karen C. Carroll, Paul J. Planet, Ronald C. Rubenstein, and et al. 2021. "Microbial Sharing between Pediatric Patients and Therapy Dogs during Hospital Animal-Assisted Intervention Programs" Microorganisms 9, no. 5: 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051054
APA StyleDalton, K. R., Ruble, K., Redding, L. E., Morris, D. O., Mueller, N. T., Thorpe, R. J., Jr., Agnew, J., Carroll, K. C., Planet, P. J., Rubenstein, R. C., Chen, A. R., Grice, E. A., & Davis, M. F. (2021). Microbial Sharing between Pediatric Patients and Therapy Dogs during Hospital Animal-Assisted Intervention Programs. Microorganisms, 9(5), 1054. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9051054