Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition and Antibiotic Resistance Gene Distribution between Chinese and Pakistani University Students from a Common Peer Group
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification and MiSeq Sequencing
2.3. Bioinformatics Analysis
2.4. Quantification of ARGs
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exercise Is Not Influencing the Gut Microbiomes
3.2. Gut Microbiomes Were Distributed Differently in Chinese and Pakistani Participants
3.3. Distributions of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in Participants and Relationships between ARGs and Gut Microbiota
4. Discussion
4.1. Gut Microbiomes Remain Stable under the Intervention of Exercises during the Investigation Period
4.2. Different Nationalities Cause Variations of Gut Microbiomes
4.3. Some Dominant Gut Microbiomes Are Shared in People from Different Counties
4.4. Some Dominant Gut Microbiomes Have the Potential as Reservoirs of Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs)
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Permanova | Mantel Test | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unweighted UniFrac | Weighted UniFrac | Unweighted UniFrac | Weighted UniFrac | |||||
R2 | p | R2 | p | r | p | r | p | |
Country | 0.1023 | <0.001 | 0.3120 | <0.001 | 0.658 | <0.001 | 0.583 | <0.001 |
BMI | 0.0731 | <0.001 | 0.2280 | <0.001 | 0.401 | <0.001 | 0.418 | <0.001 |
Exercise | 0.0162 | 0.515 | 0.0116 | 0.645 | −0.038 | 0.754 | −0.059 | 0.839 |
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Feng, T.; Hilal, M.G.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, R.; Yu, Q.; Qu, J.; Li, H. Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition and Antibiotic Resistance Gene Distribution between Chinese and Pakistani University Students from a Common Peer Group. Microorganisms 2021, 9, 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061152
Feng T, Hilal MG, Wang Y, Zhou R, Yu Q, Qu J, Li H. Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition and Antibiotic Resistance Gene Distribution between Chinese and Pakistani University Students from a Common Peer Group. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(6):1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061152
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeng, Tianshu, Mian Gul Hilal, Yijie Wang, Rui Zhou, Qiaoling Yu, Jiapeng Qu, and Huan Li. 2021. "Differences in Gut Microbiome Composition and Antibiotic Resistance Gene Distribution between Chinese and Pakistani University Students from a Common Peer Group" Microorganisms 9, no. 6: 1152. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061152