Hyperketonemia Predictions Provide an On-Farm Management Tool with Epidemiological Insights
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Day Records for Milk Components and Hyperketonemia Predictions
2.2. Cow- and Herd-Level Data Aggregation
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Descriptive Statistics of the Dataset
3.2. Relationships between Prediction of Hyperketonemia and Prior Cow and Parturition Factors
3.3. Relationships between Prediction of Hyperketonemia and Early Lactation Performance
3.4. Relationships between Prediction of Hyperketonemia and Cow Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N, Denominator 2 | Mean 3 | SD 4 | Min 5 | Q1 6 | Median | Q3 7 | Max 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Records | 240,714 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records/Cow 9 | 174,690 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 |
Records/Herd 10 | 335 | 718.6 | 1328.0 | 11.0 | 116.0 | 255.0 | 641.0 | 13,204.0 |
Cows/Herd 11 | 335 | 521.5 | 949.1 | 11.0 | 91.5 | 179.0 | 468.5 | 9550.0 |
Primiparous Records | 88,782 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records/Cow | 88,782 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
Records/Herd | 333 | 266.6 | 499.5 | 1.0 | 42.0 | 97.0 | 232.0 | 5091.0 |
Cows/Herd | 333 | 266.6 | 499.5 | 1.0 | 42.0 | 97.0 | 232.0 | 5091.0 |
Records %, Herd 12 | — | 36.9 | 13.8 | 0.0 | 31.8 | 36.5 | 40.6 | 99.5 |
Multiparous Records | 151,932 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records/Cow | 115,745 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 2.0 | 6.0 |
Records/Herd | 335 | 453.5 | 835.4 | 5.0 | 76.5 | 163.0 | 403.0 | 8113.0 |
Cows/Herd | 335 | 345.5 | 632.6 | 5.0 | 59.5 | 122.0 | 311.5 | 6318.0 |
Records %, Herd | — | 63.1 | 13.8 | 0.5 | 59.4 | 63.5 | 68.3 | 100.0 |
pNonHYK Records | 202,659 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records/Cow | 155,646 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 6.0 |
Records/Herd | 335 | 605.0 | 1127.5 | 9.0 | 95.0 | 211.0 | 545.0 | 10,935.0 |
Cows/Herd | 335 | 464.6 | 853.6 | 9.0 | 80.5 | 160.0 | 426.0 | 8516.0 |
Records %, Herd | — | 83.8 | 7.6 | 52.1 | 79.5 | 85.3 | 89.2 | 97.7 |
pHYK Records | 38,055 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records/Cow | 34,427 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 |
Records/Herd | 335 | 113.6 | 216.7 | 1.0 | 16.5 | 40.0 | 105.5 | 2269.0 |
Cows/Herd | 335 | 102.8 | 194.5 | 1.0 | 16.0 | 36.0 | 94.0 | 2063.0 |
Records %, Herd | — | 16.2 | 7.6 | 2.3 | 10.8 | 14.7 | 20.5 | 47.9 |
Variable | Mean 1 | SD 2 | Min 3 | Q1 4 | Median | Q3 5 | Max 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Records (11,539 Records; 321 Herds) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records per Herd | 36.0 | 24.1 | 1.0 | 15.0 | 30.0 | 62.0 | 72.0 |
Cows Tested, RHA | 467.7 | 681.5 | 32.8 | 125.3 | 228.0 | 562.8 | 7511.7 |
Postpartum Cows Tested 7 | 220.0 | 327.9 | 11.0 | 57.0 | 105.0 | 250.0 | 3878.0 |
Predicted HYK, % 8 | 15.9 | 8.4 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 14.9 | 20.7 | 58.8 |
RHA Milk, kg | 12,125.8 | 1729.3 | 5539.3 | 11,136.6 | 12,265.6 | 13,264.6 | 18,196.3 |
RHA Milk Fat, kg | 465.1 | 68.3 | 225.0 | 421.4 | 466.3 | 513.0 | 684.9 |
RHA Milk Fat, % | 3.8 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 5.3 |
RHA Milk Protein, kg | 376.2 | 51.9 | 176.0 | 345.6 | 380.6 | 409.6 | 536.2 |
RHA Milk Protein, % | 3.1 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.6 |
RHA Quartile 1 (2885 Records; 158 Herds) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records per Herd | 18.3 | 17.2 | 1.0 | 5.0 | 13.0 | 24.8 | 69.0 |
Cows Tested, RHA | 197.0 | 507.6 | 34.0 | 82.5 | 118.2 | 174.4 | 5596.1 |
Postpartum Cows Tested | 84.3 | 195.5 | 11.0 | 39.0 | 56.0 | 80.0 | 2914.0 |
Predicted HYK, % | 16.6 | 9.4 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 15.4 | 22.2 | 58.8 |
RHA Milk, kg | 9870.7 | 1119.1 | 5539.3 | 9467.8 | 10,151.8 | 10,665.3 | 11,136.1 |
RHA Milk Fat, kg | 382.6 | 45.5 | 225.0 | 362.4 | 388.7 | 412.8 | 585.1 |
RHA Milk Fat, % | 3.9 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 5.3 |
RHA Milk Protein, kg | 309.5 | 35.0 | 176.0 | 297.1 | 318.0 | 332.9 | 372.0 |
RHA Milk Protein, % | 3.1 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.6 |
RHA Quartile 2 (2884 Records; 147 Herds) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records per Herd | 19.6 | 16.5 | 1.0 | 6.0 | 15.0 | 28.0 | 66.0 |
Cows Tested, RHA | 378.8 | 730.9 | 32.8 | 113.2 | 180.7 | 296.0 | 7511.7 |
Postpartum Cows Tested | 178.4 | 350.7 | 11.0 | 54.8 | 83.0 | 140.0 | 3878.0 |
Predicted HYK, % | 15.8 | 8.4 | 0.0 | 9.7 | 14.9 | 20.6 | 58.3 |
RHA Milk, kg | 11,746.0 | 323.8 | 11,137.0 | 11,482.6 | 11,745.3 | 12,039.4 | 12,264.7 |
RHA Milk Fat, kg | 447.5 | 28.1 | 339.7 | 429.1 | 445.9 | 462.7 | 590.1 |
RHA Milk Fat, % | 3.8 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 5.3 |
RHA Milk Protein, kg | 365.4 | 14.0 | 327.0 | 355.6 | 364.7 | 375.1 | 414.1 |
RHA Milk Protein, % | 3.1 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
RHA Quartile 3 (2885 Records; 142 Herds) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records per Herd | 20.0 | 16.1 | 1.0 | 6.8 | 17.0 | 29.3 | 70.0 |
Cows Tested, RHA | 630.8 | 771.1 | 35.7 | 178.7 | 387.0 | 727.8 | 5227.7 |
Postpartum Cows Tested | 297.1 | 381.2 | 11.0 | 80.0 | 159.0 | 323.0 | 2524.0 |
Predicted HYK, % | 16.4 | 7.6 | 0.0 | 11.1 | 15.6 | 20.7 | 46.5 |
RHA Milk, kg | 12,745.0 | 290.3 | 12,265.6 | 12,495.6 | 12,726.4 | 12,994.5 | 13,264.4 |
RHA Milk Fat, kg | 489.3 | 31.0 | 361.1 | 468.1 | 488.1 | 508.0 | 622.0 |
RHA Milk Fat, % | 3.8 | 0.2 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.8 |
RHA Milk Protein, kg | 394.6 | 14.6 | 347.5 | 385.1 | 394.2 | 403.7 | 439.1 |
RHA Milk Protein, % | 3.1 | 0.1 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
RHA Quartile 4 (2885 Records; 100 Herds) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
Records per Herd | 28.9 | 21.3 | 1.0 | 10.8 | 23.0 | 42.3 | 72.0 |
Cows Tested, RHA | 664.3 | 570.5 | 29.4 | 324.4 | 527.6 | 756.3 | 3418.8 |
Postpartum Cows Tested | 320.1 | 296.1 | 11.0 | 122.0 | 251.0 | 384.0 | 2156.0 |
Predicted HYK, % | 14.9 | 7.8 | 0.0 | 8.7 | 13.5 | 19.3 | 48.3 |
RHA Milk, kg | 14,141.4 | 848.1 | 13,264.8 | 13,550.6 | 13,908.5 | 14,453.3 | 18,196.3 |
RHA Milk Fat, kg | 540.9 | 37.5 | 430.9 | 515.3 | 537.1 | 563.4 | 684.9 |
RHA Milk Fat, % | 3.8 | 0.3 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.9 |
RHA Milk Protein, kg | 435.3 | 27.1 | 382.4 | 415.0 | 429.6 | 450.0 | 536.2 |
RHA Milk Protein, % | 3.1 | 0.1 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.4 |
Lactation 2 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5+ | p-Value | ||||||
pNonHYK | pHYK | pNonHYK | pHYK | pNonHYK | pHYK | pNonHYK | pHYK | pNonHYK | pHYK | SEM | Health × Parity 3 | |
Cull within 60d, % | 5.7 | 13.7 *** | 3.4 | 7.6 *** | 4.1 | 10.5 *** | 5.6 | 11.8 *** | 7.4 | 13.5 *** | 0.95 | 0.003 |
Days open, d | 120.9 | 133.0 *** | 126.9 | 132.6 *** | 128.7 | 132.0 *** | 128.6 | 132.8 *** | 132.4 | 141.2 *** | 2.33 | <0.001 |
AI 4 to Conception | 2.0 | 2.1 *** | 2.1 | 2.2 *** | 2.2 | 2.2 ** | 2.1 | 2.3 *** | 2.2 | 2.4 *** | 0.04 | <0.001 |
PTA 5 milk, kg | −14.1 | −12.0 | −58.5 | −66.4 | −93.1 | −106.6 * | −132.2 | −143.9 * | −186.3 | −207.7 *** | 10.0 | 0.02 |
PTA DPR 6 | −0.27 | −0.47 *** | −0.19 | −0.33 *** | −0.06 | −0.17 *** | 0.12 | 0.05 * | 0.33 | 0.36 | 0.05 | <0.001 |
PTA productive life | 0.12 | −0.34 | −0.12 | −0.39 | −0.20 | −0.47 * | −0.23 | −0.43 * | −0.22 | −0.28 *** | 0.07 | <0.001 |
PTA SCS, score | 2.99 | 3.01 *** | 3.00 | 3.01 *** | 3.01 | 3.02 *** | 3.02 | 3.03 *** | 3.02 | 3.03 *** | 0.004 | <0.001 |
PTA net merit | 5.48 | −22.95 *** | −45.39 | −63.04 *** | −82.78 | −103.37 *** | −119.86 | −136.83 *** | −165.74 | −176.40 * | 7.18 | 0.01 |
PTA ketosis | 0.05 | −0.11 *** | −0.09 | −0.18 *** | −0.19 | −0.29 *** | −0.30 | −0.38 *** | −0.41 | −0.46 *** | 0.02 | <0.001 |
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Pralle, R.S.; Amdall, J.D.; Fourdraine, R.H.; Oetzel, G.R.; White, H.M. Hyperketonemia Predictions Provide an On-Farm Management Tool with Epidemiological Insights. Animals 2021, 11, 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051291
Pralle RS, Amdall JD, Fourdraine RH, Oetzel GR, White HM. Hyperketonemia Predictions Provide an On-Farm Management Tool with Epidemiological Insights. Animals. 2021; 11(5):1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051291
Chicago/Turabian StylePralle, Ryan S., Joel D. Amdall, Robert H. Fourdraine, Garrett R. Oetzel, and Heather M. White. 2021. "Hyperketonemia Predictions Provide an On-Farm Management Tool with Epidemiological Insights" Animals 11, no. 5: 1291. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051291