Illegal Wildlife Trade and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Pervasive Impacts to Species, Ecosystems and Human Health
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Pathogen Category | Affected Category | Species Affected | Trade Activity Category | Zoonotic Potential | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Viral | Canine coronavirus-II | Mammals | Canis lupus | Pet | N | [28] |
Bacterial | Leptospira spp. | Mammals | Cebus sp. | Pet | Y | [29] |
Bacterial | Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp. | Mammals | N/A | Bushmeat | Y | [30] |
Viral | Avian poxvirus, paramyxovirus-1 | Birds | Chlamydotis undulata, C. macqueenii | Illegal Trade | N | [31] |
Bacterial | Chlamydophila psittaci, Clostridium perfringens, Pasteurella multocida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp. | Birds | Chlamydotis undulata | Illegal Trade | Y/N | [32] |
Endoparasite | Unindentified endoparasites | |||||
Fungal | Aspergillus fumigatus | |||||
Protozoan | Giardia spp., Haemoproteus spp., Leucocytozoon spp., Trichomonas spp. | |||||
Viral | Adenovirus, avian pneumovirus, avian poxvirus, avian reovirus, paramyxovirus-1, paramyxovirus-2 | |||||
Ectoparasite | Hyalomma aegyptium | Reptiles | Testudo graeca | Illegal Trade | N | [33] |
Viral | Newcastle disease virus | Birds | Amazona oratrix | Pet | Y | [34] |
Bacterial | Ehrlichia ruminantium | Invertebrates | Amblyomma sparsum | Legal Trade | N | [35] |
Fungal | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | Amphibians | Telmatobius marmoratus | Legal Trade | N | [36] |
Viral | Avian circovirus | Birds | Sicalis flaveola | Illegal Trade | N | [37] |
Viral | Avian poxvirus | Birds | Passeriformes | Pet | N | [38] |
Bacterial | Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, Listeria spp., Staphylococcus spp. | Mammals, Reptiles | N/A | Bushmeat | Y | [39] |
Bacterial | Mycobacterium liflandii | Amphibians | Silurana tropicalis | Legal Trade | N | [40] |
Protozoan | Coccidiasina | Birds | Saltator similis | Illegal Trade | N | [41] |
Ectoparasite | Amblyomma marmoreum | Reptiles | N/A | Pet | N | [42] |
Endoparasite | Baylisascaris procyonis, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara canis | Mammals | Procyon lotor | Illegal Trade | Y/N | [43] |
Ectoparasite | Cediopsylla simplex, Otodectes cynotis, Pulex simulans | Mammals | Vulpes vulpes, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Canis latrans | Illegal Trade | Y/N | [44] |
Endoparasite | Echinococcus multilocularis, unindentified endoparasites | |||||
Protozoan | Cystoisospora spp., Sarcocystis spp. | |||||
Viral | rabies | |||||
Bacterial | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Birds | Passeriformes, Psittaciformes | Illegal Trade | Y | [45] |
Fungal | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | Amphibians | Dendrobates tinctorius | Illegal Trade | N | [46] |
Bacterial | Chlamydophila psittaci | Birds | budgerigars | Illegal Trade | Y | [47] |
Bacterial | Mycoplasma spp. | Reptiles | Cuora bourreti | Pet | Y | [48] |
Viral | Psittacine beak and feather disease virus | Birds | Ara ambigua, Ara macao | Pet | N | [49] |
Fungal | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | Amphibians | 53 different species | Pet | N | [50] |
Viral | ranavirus | |||||
Fungal | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | Amphibians | Hyla eximia | Pet | N | [51] |
Protozoan | Toxoplasma gondii | Mammals | Bubalus bubalis | Illegal Trade | Y | [52] |
Viral | Simian foamy virus | Mammals | Multiple species | Illegal Trade | Y | [53] |
Bacterial | Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Salmonella spp. | Birds | Passeriformes | Pet | Y/N | [54] |
Endoparasite | Tapeworms, Trichomonas spp. | |||||
Fungal | Aspergillus fumigatus | |||||
Viral | Avian poxvirus | |||||
Bacterial | Leptospira spp. | Mammals | Saguinus oedipus | Illegal Trade | Y | [55] |
Viral | Monkeypox virus | Mammals | Cricetomys sp., Funiscuirus sp., Graphiurus sp. | Pet | Y | [56] |
Fungal | Aspergillus fumigatus | Birds | N/A | Illegal Trade | Y | [57] |
Viral | H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza | Birds | N/A | Illegal Trade | Y | [58] |
Viral | Ranavirus | Reptiles | Chondropython viridis | Illegal Trade | N | [59] |
Ectoparasite | Amblyomma javanense | Mammals | Manis pentadactyla | Illegal Trade | N | [60] |
Viral | Simian foamy virus | Mammals | Macaca fascicularis | Legal Trade | Y | [61] |
Viral | Morbillivirus | Mammals | Tragelaphus imberbis, Syncerus caffer, Aepyceros melampus, Taurotragus oryx | Not Trade Related | N | [62] |
Fungal | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | Amphibians | Multiple species | Illegal Trade | N | [63] |
Viral | Ranavirus | |||||
Bacterial | Chlamydophila spp., Escherichia coli | Reptiles | Testudo graeca | Pet | Y | [64] |
Endoparasite | Spirometra spp. | Reptiles | Elaphe carinata, E. taeniura, Zaocys dhumnades | Wet Market | Y | [65] |
Bacterial | Enterobacter spp. | Birds | Psittaciformes | Illegal Trade | Y | [66] |
Bacterial | Escherichia coli | Birds | Psittaciformes | Illegal Trade | Y | [67] |
Ectoparasite | Hyalomma aegyptium | Reptiles | Testudo graeca, T. kleinmanni | Pet | N | [68] |
Endoparasite | Ozolaimus megatyphlon | Reptiles | Iguana iguana | Pet | N | [69] |
Endoparasite | Acuariidae. Ascaridoidea, Capillarinae, Cestoda, Coccidia | Birds | N/A | Wet Market | Y/N | [70] |
Bacterial | Escherichia coli | Birds | Aratinga leucophthalmus, Amazonia aestiva | Pet | Y | [71] |
Viral | Herpesvirus | Reptiles | Testudo kleinmanni | Pet | N | [72] |
Bacterial | Staphylococcus spp. | Birds | Emberizidae sp, Thraupidae sp | Illegal Trade | Y | [73] |
Bacterial | Aeromonas caviae, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp. | Birds | Multiple species | Wet Market | Y | [74] |
Viral | Newcastle disease virus | Birds | N/A | Wet Market | Y | [75] |
Bacterial | Leptospira spp. | Mammals | Multiple species | Illegal Trade | Y | [76] |
Viral | Avian circovirus, avian polyomavirus | Birds | Amazona auropalliata, Amazona autumnalis, Ara macao | Pet | N | [77] |
Endoparasite | Unindentified endoparasites | Reptiles | Multiple species | Illegal Trade | UNK | [78] |
Bacterial | Escherichia coli | N/A | N/A | Bushmeat | Y | [79] |
Fungal | Fusarium solani | Reptiles | Trachemys dorbigny | Illegal Trade | Y | [80] |
Viral | Human herpesvirus 1 | Mammals | Ateles chamek | Illegal Trade | Y | [81] |
Viral | Aleutian disease virus | Mammals | Mephitis mephitis, Neovison vison | Legal Trade | Y | [82] |
Bacterial | Chlamydophila psittaci | Birds | Psittaciformes | Illegal Trade | Y | [83] |
Bacterial | Chlamydophila psittaci | Birds | Ara macao, Ara ambigua | Pet | Y | [84] |
Viral | Simian immunodeficiency virus | Mammals | N/A | Bushmeat | Y | [85] |
Bacterial | Salmonella spp. | Reptiles | Testudo graeca, Testudo hermanni | Pet | Y | [86] |
Viral | Herpesvirus | Reptiles | Multiple species | Legal Trade | N | [87] |
Bacterial | Chlamydia psittaci, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. | Birds | Psittaciformes | Pet | Y | [88] |
Bacterial | Chlamydophila psittaci | Birds | Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus | Pet | Y | [89] |
Bacterial | Salmonella panama, Salmonella typhimurium | Birds | Chrysomus ruficapillus, Sporophila falcirostris | Illegal Trade | Y | [90] |
Bacterial | Escherichia coli | Birds | Multiple species | Illegal Trade | Y | [91] |
Bacterial | Salmonella spp. | Reptiles | N/A | Pet | Y | [92] |
Fungal | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | Amphibians | Lithobates catesbeianus | Wet Market | N | [93] |
Viral | Newcastle disease virus | Birds | N/A | Pet | Y | [94] |
Viral | Cytomegalovirus, lymphocryptovirus, simian foamy virus | Mammals | Multiple species | Bushmeat | Y | [95] |
Bacterial | Mycobacterium bovis | Mammals | N/A | Legal Trade | Y | [96] |
Viral | Avian poxvirus, canarypoxvirus | Birds | Oryzoborus angolensis, O. crassirostris, Sporophila intermedia | Pet | N | [97] |
Bacterial | Trepona pallidum | Mammals | Gorilla gorilla | Legal Trade | Y | [98] |
Viral | Alphavirus, arenavirus, coronavirus, filovirus, flavivirus, hantavirus, herpesvirus, nairovirus, orthobunyavirus, paramyxovirus, phlebovirus, poxvirus | Mammals | Cercopithecidae | Bushmeat | Y | [99] |
Viral | H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza | Birds | Spizaetus nipalensis | Illegal Trade | Y | [25] |
Viral | H3N8 avian influenza | Birds | Garrulax canorus | Illegal Trade | N | [100] |
Viral | Coxsackievirus | Mammals | Syncerus caffer | Not Trade Related | Y | [101] |
Bacterial | Citrobacter spp., Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Hafnia aivei, Klebsiella spp., Proteus spp., Providencia alcalifaciens, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia spp. | Birds | Multiple species | Illegal Trade | Y | [102] |
Endoparasite | Spirometra spp. | Reptiles | Multiple species | Wet Market | Y | [103] |
Viral | Spring viremia of carp virus | Fish | Cyprinus rubrofuscus | Legal Trade | N | [104] |
Viral | Simian foamy virus | Mammals | N/A | Bushmeat | Y | [105] |
Viral | Trypanosoma lewisi | Mammals | Rattus macleari, R. nativitatis | Not Trade Related | N | [106] |
Endoparasite | Opisthorchis spp. | Fish, Mammals | N/A | Illegal Trade | Y | [107] |
Fungal | Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis | Amphibians | Telmatobius spp. | Illegal Trade | N | [108] |
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Rush, E.R.; Dale, E.; Aguirre, A.A. Illegal Wildlife Trade and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Pervasive Impacts to Species, Ecosystems and Human Health. Animals 2021, 11, 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061821
Rush ER, Dale E, Aguirre AA. Illegal Wildlife Trade and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Pervasive Impacts to Species, Ecosystems and Human Health. Animals. 2021; 11(6):1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061821
Chicago/Turabian StyleRush, Elizabeth R., Erin Dale, and A. Alonso Aguirre. 2021. "Illegal Wildlife Trade and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Pervasive Impacts to Species, Ecosystems and Human Health" Animals 11, no. 6: 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061821
APA StyleRush, E. R., Dale, E., & Aguirre, A. A. (2021). Illegal Wildlife Trade and Emerging Infectious Diseases: Pervasive Impacts to Species, Ecosystems and Human Health. Animals, 11(6), 1821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061821