Tranquillizing Effect of Passiflora incarnata Extract: Outcome on Behavioral and Physiological Indicators in Weaning Pigs with Intact Tails
by
, , ,
Grazia Pastorelli
1
,
Valentina Serra
1,*
,
Lauretta Turin
1,*,
Veronica Redaelli
2
,
Fabio Luzi
2 and
Sara Barbieri
1 1
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy
2
Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Via della Commenda 10, 20100 Milano, Italy
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Animals 2022, 12(2), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12020203
Submission received: 1 December 2021
/
Revised: 30 December 2021
/
Accepted: 12 January 2022
/
Published: 15 January 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Main Welfare Concerns in Pig Farming: How to Meet Society’s and Farmer’s Request)
Simple Summary
Post-weaning is the most critical phase in pig farming, characterized by efforts to ensure health, performance and welfare of animals. Despite that EU Directive 2008/120/EC prohibits the practice of tail docking, it is still commonly applied in intensive farming to avoid tail biting. From a nutritional perspective, the dietary supplementation with natural extracts with calming properties could represent a promising approach to overcome common production stressors, reducing abnormal behaviors such as tail biting. This study intended to determine the effects of the dietary inclusion of Passiflora incarnata, known for its tranquillizing activity, on skin lesions, thermal imaging, behavior, salivary cortisol and IgA levels on post-weaning piglets reared with intact tails. Growth performances were also monitored. No differences were recorded between diets regarding growth performance, whereas findings concerning aggressive and abnormal behaviors, such as tail and ear biting, and lower levels of cortisol confirmed the hypothesis of the calming effect of P. incarnata on post-weaning piglets.
Abstract
Tail docking has been used in the pig industry to decrease the occurrence of tail biting behavior. This abnormal behavior has a multifactorial origin since it is a response to simultaneous environmental, nutritional and management changes. Given the calming properties of Passiflora incarnata, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation with the extract in weaned pigs could result in a modification of behavior and physiologic indicators linked to stress. Weaned piglets (n = 120, mean body weight 9.07 ± 2.30 kg) were randomly allocated to one of two dietary treatments: control diet (CON) and CON supplemented with 1 kg/t of P. incarnata (PAS). The trial was 28 days long. The presence of skin lesions was assessed at d-1, d-10, d-19, and d-28, and saliva samples were collected for IgA and cortisol determinations at the same sampling times. Results showed the PAS group was characterized by equal growth performance as the CON group, fewer ear lesions (p < 0.05), less aggressive behavior (p < 0.001), higher enrichment exploration (p < 0.001) and lower cortisol levels (p < 0.01). Time effect was observed for tail lesions (p < 0.001) and behavioral observations (p < 0.001). Additional research is required to determine the effect of P. incarnata extract using a larger number of animals and longer period of supplementation when risks associated with tail biting are uncontrolled.
Keywords:
pig; intact tail; botanical; behavior; physiological indicator; reactivity; tail lesion
