2. Materials and Methods
The Gruna do Enfurnado Cave is located at the Serra do Ramalho karst area, municipality of Coribe, state of Bahia, Brazil. This karst area includes several caves and is subject to many threats, without any legal protection so far [
8,
9]. Serra do Ramalho is located in the southwestern portion of the state of Bahia, part of the Middle São Francisco River basin (
Figure 1). According to the [
10] classification, the climate is tropical dry (=semiarid), of “Aw” type, characterized by a dry winter (March to October) and an annual precipitation of around 640 mm [
11]. The native regional vegetation consists of Caatinga (mesophytic and xeromorphic forests) interspersed with Cerrado (savannah-like).
Serra do Ramalho is dominated by a plateau formed by carbonatic (limestone) rocks of the Bambuí Group [
8]. The Gruna do Enfurnado Cave has ca. 7600 m of passageways and about 3000 m of subterranean drainage [
8,
12]. It is one of the main caves in Serra do Ramalho, with a large population of a troglobitic catfish,
Rhamdia enfurnada Bichuette & Trajano, 2005, and other troglobitic organisms [
12].
The depth of the water body where our specimens were collected varied from 0.2 m to 4.0 m. The hydrometrids were found mainly in lentic reaches, with bottoms formed by silt, pebbles, and boulders, plus plant debris (
Figure 2). Physicochemical water parameters measured (April 2017, end of the rainy season) were temperature = 20.9 °C; pH = 8.01; conductivity = 0.611 ms/cm; dissolved oxygen (DO) = 0.91 mg/L; salinity = 0.04%. The high pH and conductivity values are typical of karst waters. Large amounts of organic matter are present along the drainage due to floods during the rainy season, including large tree trunks. The aquatic cave fauna is highly dependent on allochthonous items carried from the surface mainly in this season.
Specimens were collected using small hand nets, fixed in 70% ethanol, and deposited in the Coleção Entomológica do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (CEIOC). Descriptions, photographs, and scanning electron micrographies were produced based on dry specimens. Abbreviations used for measurements are as follows: body length (BL), head length (HL), anteocular length (ANTL), maximum anteocular width (ANTWmax), minimum anteocular width (ANTWmin), transocular width (TOW), interocular width (IOW), postocular length (POSTL), maximum postocular width (POSTWmax), minimum postocular width (POSTWmin), clypeal length (CLL), basal clypeal width (BCLW), maximum clypeal width (CLWmax), length of antennal segments I–IV (ANT I, II, III, IV), length of labial segments I–IV (LB I–II, III, IV), ocular length (OL), maximum ocular width (EYE), pronotum length at midline (PL), pronotum width at anterior margin (PWAM), maximum pronotum width (PWmax), forecoxa/midcoxa distance (DIST1), midcoxa/hindcoxa distance (DIST2), femoral length (FEM), tibial length (TIB), length of tarsomeres I–III (TAR I, II, III), abdominal length (ABL), maximum abdominal width (ABWmax), minimum abdominal width (ABWmin), length of abdominal mediotergites I–VII (TERL I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII), and maximum width of abdominal mediotergites I–VII (TERW I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII). All measurements are given in millimeters.
For the micrographies, uncoated specimens were analyzed and illustrated with a Quanta 250 Scanning Electron Microscope (FEI Company, Hillsboro, OR, United States) in low-vacuum mode. Regular digital photographs were taken with a DFC 295 camera attached to a M205 C stereomicroscope with a Planapo 1.0× objective (Leica Camera AG, Solms, Germany). Figures were produced from stacks of images using LAS (Leica Application Suite) v3.7. The map was produced using QGIS Desktop 3.6.0 (QGIS Development Team,
https://qgis.org/en/site/, accessed on 12 July 2023).
3. Results
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A7248254-188B-4D29-9F36-6A853D62127F
Material examined. Holotype. BRAZIL–Bahia • Coribe, Gruna do Enfurnado Cave; 15 April 2010; M.E. Bichuette & J.E. Gallão leg.; 1 male, CEIOC 82865. Paratypes. Same data as holotype, 1 male, 1 female, CEIOC 82866.
Measurements. Apterous male holotype (paratype). BL: 2.85 (3.05), HL: 0.85 (0.86), ANTL: 0.55 (0.55), ANTWmax: 0.30 (0.34), ANTWmin: 0.30 (0.30), TOW: 0.31 (0.31), IOW: 0.28 (0.28), POSTL: 0.22 (0.24), POSTWmax: 0.30 (0.34), POSTWmin: 0.28 (0.32), CLL: 0.18 (0.20), BCLW: 0.06 (0.08), CLWmax: 0.10 (0.10), ANT: I: 0.35 (0.37), II: 0.34 (0.34), III: 1.24 (1.24), IV: 1.60 (1.60), LB: I: 0.12 (0.12), II: 0.08 (0.08), III: 1.54 (1.56), IV: 0.50 (0.57), OL: 0.06 (0.07), EYE: 0.01 (0.01), PL: 0.48 (0.48), PWAM: 0.32 (0.34), PWmax: 0.48 (0.50), DIST1: 0.30 (0.30), DIST2: 0.30 (0.30), Foreleg-FEM: 1.00 (1.05), TIB: 1.30 (1.30), TAR: I: 0.04 (0.04), II: 0.28 (0.28), III: 0.12 (0.13), Midleg-FEM: 1.20 (1.20), TIB: 1.44 (1.46), TAR: I: 0.04 (0.04), II: 0.28 (0.30), III: 0.12 (0.14), Hindleg-FEM: 1.54 (1.58), TIB: 2.25 (2.30), TAR: I: 0.05 (0.05), II: 0.42 (0.42), III: 0.14 (0.14), ABL: 1.60 (1.80), ABWmax: 0.44 (0.54), ABWmin: 0.28 (0.30), TERL: I: 0.20 (0.20), II: 0.20 (0.20), III: 0.20 (0.20), IV: 0.20 (0.22), V: 0.22 (0.24), VI: 0.24 (0.24), VII: 0.26 (0.30), TERW: I: 0.36 (0.40), II: 0.32 (0.34), III: 0.30 (0.32), IV: 0.30 (0.30), V: 0.26 (0.30), VI: 0.24 (0.28), VII: 0.20 (0.20).
Description. General color pale-yellow to yellowish-brown, with translucent appearance on appendages (
Figure 3A). Head elongated, almost three times longer than wide; dorsal punctations concentrated medially (
Figure 4B). Clypeus elongated, with truncated anterior margin and slightly emarginated lateral margins, almost hourglass-shaped; five long filiform setae distributed as an anterior pair, a single one centrally and a posterior pair (
Figure 4B). Eye highly reduced, composed of just seven ommatidia, with two ocular setae (
Figure 4D,E). A punctuation located dorsally to eye (
Figure 4E). Antennal tubercle prominent in lateral view (
Figure 4D). Antenna filiform; antennal segment I slightly arched; subequal in length to II; III and IV thinner than I and II; IV longest (
Figure 3A). Dorsum of head with a pair of dorsal ridges rising near eyes and converging on the postocular region (
Figure 4B). Posterior trichobothrium inserted on a tubercle, elongated, reaching anterior lobe of pronotum (
Figure 4D,F). Ventral region of head flattened, with a pair of submedian longitudinal ridges (
Figure 4C). Labium elongated, surpassing middle of abdomen; segments I and II short; segment III about three times as long as IV (
Figure 4G,I). Pronotum subquadrate, with many punctures (
Figure 4F); anterior and posterior lobes not well-defined. Pro- and mesopleura with punctations (
Figure 4H). Pro-/meso- and meso-/metacetabula equidistant, without punctations (
Figure 4H). Legs generally long, slender, except robust base of hind femur (
Figure 3A and
Figure 4A,I). Tarsi with three segments; tarsomere II longest. Claws well developed. Arolia absent. Abdomen 3.3 to 3.6 times longer than wide. Abdominal scent gland apparatus present, with scent orifice located at the middle of mediotergite IV (
Figure 5). Abominal segment VIII cylindrical (
Figure 4G and
Figure 6A). Pygophore elongated, lateral margin with U-shape emargination (
Figure 6A). Proctiger lacking basolateral and apical projections. Paramere large, twisted, facing mesally to genital capsule; hook-shaped apex facing mesal surface of the structure (
Figure 6B).
Measurements. Apterous female. BL: 3.15, HL: 0.90, ANTL: 0.60, ANTWmax: 0.32, ANTWmin: 0.30, TOW: 0.32, IOW: 0.28, POSTL: 0.24, POSTWmax: 0.32, POSTWmin: 0.32, CLL: 0.18, BCLW: 0.08, CLWmax: 0.10, ANT: I: 0.34, II: 0.34, III: 1.25, IV: 1.55, LB: I: 0.12, II: 0.08, III: 1.50, IV: 0.75, OL: 0.07, EYE: 0.01, PL: 0.48, PWAM: 0.36, PWmax: 0.52, DIST1: 0.20, DIST2: 0.20, Foreleg-FEM: 0.95, TIB: 1.20, TAR: I: 0.04, II: 0.27, III: 0.12, Midleg-FEM: 1.22, TIB: 1.35, TAR: I: 0.05, II: 0.28, III: 0.13, Hindleg-FEM: 1.55, TIB: 2.30, TAR: I: 0.08, II: 0.40, III: 0.14, ABL: 1.70, ABWmax: 0.68, ABWmin: 0.24, TERL: I: 0.20, II: 0.20, III: 0.20, IV: 0.24, V: 0.24, VI: 0.24, VII: 0.14, TERW: I: 0.40, II: 0.34, III: 0.30, IV: 0.30, V: 0.26, VI: 0.24, VII: 0.14.
Description. Very similar to apterous male. General color light-brown. Anterior portion of head and distal half of femora yellowish-brown. Antennae, tibiae and tarsi pale-yellow (
Figure 3B).
Etymology. The specific epithet hypogea (Latin, feminine adjective), meaning “underground”, refers to the cave habitat of this species.