1. Introduction
The perinatal period refers to the three (3) weeks before the birth of a calf to 3 weeks after the birth [
1], which is recognized as the most challenging phase in dairy cows [
2]. In postpartum dairy cows, dry matter intake (DMI) is dramatically decreased, resulting in a negative energy balance (NEB) and dramatic changes in physiology [
3]. The dysregulated lipid mobilization triggers a massive release of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) into the blood, coupled with severe pro-inflammatory responses [
4]. In postpartum, dairy cows exhibit low immunity, leading to a series of pro-inflammatory responses, such as mastitis and metritis. Currently, antibiotic treatment is commonly used to kill pathogens and relieve the inflammatory response. However, many consumers are worried about developing resistance to antibiotic agents due to the development of drug resistance in dairy cows and its occurrence in milk, which can be passed on to humans. Therefore, other therapeutic strategies to kill pathogens and promote immunity are urgently needed to safeguard human health and improve milk quality.
Recent studies have focused on the development of natural plant essential oils as feed additives. Many plant extracts and essential oils derived from some plants contain secondary metabolites that show antibacterial activity properties [
5,
6]. Tea tree oil (TTO), an essential oil extracted from the leaves of
Melaleuca alternifolia (
M. alternifolia), plays a vital role in pathogen inhibition and has anti-inflammatory properties [
7,
8]. TTO is mainly composed of monoterpenes, double monoterpenes, and corresponding alcohols. The main component is terpinen-4-ol, accounting for about 40 % of the total composition, followed by γ-terpinen and α-terpinen, accounting for about 23% and 10% of the total content, respectively, and about 15% of 1,8-cineole [
9]. Studies have shown that TTO not only has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, and immune-enhancing effects [
9], but that it also has no toxic side effects, and it has been widely used in medical pharmaceuticals, daily chemicals, and food flavors. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effects of TTO on production performance, glucolipid metabolism, and immunity in postpartum dairy cows are yet to be reported.
We hypothesized that TTO could improve production performance and enhance immunity in postpartum dairy cows because of the effect of TTO on pathogen inhibition and in relieving the pro-inflammatory response. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of TTO on production performance, serum biochemical indices, and immunity in postpartum dairy cows fed TMR diets supplemented with TTO. This would provide a scientific theoretical basis for applying TTO in dairy cow production.
4. Discussion
Previous studies have shown that NEB occurrence in postpartum dairy cows causes body disorders, leading to fatty liver, mastitis, and ketosis [
11]. Currently, antibiotic treatment is usually used to kill pathogens and relieve the inflammatory response. However, many consumers are worried due to the development of drug resistance in milk production, which can be passed on to humans. TTO extract is rich in terpine-4-ol, γ-terpene, α-terpene, and 1, 8-cineole, and it has good anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immune-enhancing, and antibacterial properties and certain effects on improving animal production and preventing diseases [
9]. DMI is one of the key factors reflecting dairy cows’ production levels and production performance [
12]. An increased DMI can relieve the NEB in postpartum dairy cows. Many factors influence DMI, such as the breed or stage of lactation of the dairy cows, diet, and pasture management.
A previous study showed that TTO can effectively reduce the feed-to-weight ratio of weaned piglets and increase the daily gain of weaned piglets [
13]. Our study found that DMI tended to increase with the addition of 0.01% TTO to the TMR diet, indicating that the addition of TTO did not adversely affect the DMI of the dairy cows. Milk fat is the most variable component in milk, and the rest of the constituents change with the milk fat. In the early stage of lactation, milk components are the basis for calves to acquire immunity. Our study found that adding 0.01% and 0.02% TTO to the TMR diet tended to increase the 4% FCM, suggesting that TTO may be beneficial in calves’ ability to acquire immunity and enhance body resistance.
Physiological and biochemical indicators in the blood can reflect the function and nutritional metabolism of the different organs and tissues of animals [
14]. ALT and AST are relatively important transaminases in ruminants, and not only are they related to protein metabolism, but their activity levels can also reflect liver-related functions [
15]. ALT and AST are important indicators reflecting the degree of liver damage and liver cell damage and can reflect the permeability of the hepatocyte membrane [
16]. High doses of TTO could significantly reduce AST activity in the serum of weaned piglets, proving that TTO is beneficial in protecting the liver without causing liver damage [
17]. Our study showed that the addition of 0.02% TTO tended to decrease AST activity in the dairy cows’ serum, indicating that TTO could improve liver function in postpartum dairy cows. ALP is widely distributed in the body’s liver, kidneys, bones, and other tissues. It is a key digestive and metabolic enzyme in the body and is involved in the metabolism of protein and fat in animals [
18]. Studies have shown that ALP activity in serum is elevated when liver and gallbladder lesions develop [
19]. The results of this study show that the addition of TTO had no significant effect on ALP activity, indicating that TTO did not cause damage to the liver and gallbladder of the dairy cows in the postpartum period.
Serum TP is composed of ALB and GLO, and a change in their content reflects the nutritional level of protein in the diet, the synthesis and digestion of protein by the animal organism, and the liver and kidney function [
20]. ALB is synthesized in liver cells, and its activity can reflect liver function, the transport of nutrients, and the function of providing protein to the body. GLO is mainly composed of complement proteins and immunoglobulins, and changes in its content can reflect spleen function and immunity.
In this study, the addition of 0.02% TTO to the diet increased the content of GLO relative to the control, and the addition of 0.01% TTO to the TMR diet showed an increase in the content of ALB, indicating that the addition of TTO had no negative effect on the liver or spleen, and it may promote the immunity of dairy cows. CREA and BUN in serum can reflect the protein metabolism and amino acid balance of dairy cows [
21]. Changes in CREA levels are related to glomerular filtration. When the kidneys are damaged, the excretion of CREA is hindered, resulting in increased serum CREA levels [
22,
23]. The BUN content in serum can reflect the protein level in the diet and protein catabolism in the body. In this study, the addition of TTO had no significant effect on the serum CREA and BUN contents in the postpartum dairy cows, indicating that TTO had no impact on the protein metabolism and kidneys of the dairy cows.
In postpartum, dairy cows often suffer from NEB due to decreased DMI and glucose, which can have a negative impact on the entire lactation cycle. The glucose level plays an important role in the normal function of the animal body and tissue and can reflect the body’s ability to balance the absorption, metabolism, and transport of sugar [
24]. Glucose profiles are strongly linked to the short-term effect of the current energy and/or protein intake [
25]. As an important energy source for dairy cows, glucose makes a difference in lactation and material turnover. The need for glucose was significantly increased in the postpartum period due to the onset of lactation. Mammary glucose uptake increased numerically, improving energy availability and inducing production responses [
26]. In the present study, it was found that the 0.01% and 0.02% TTO groups in the TMR diets can contribute to the level of glucose in the postpartum dairy cows, indicating that the addition of TTO to TMR diets may have a positive effect on the lactation and nutritional metabolism in postpartum dairy cows. The serum levels of CHO, TG, HDL, and LDL reflect the absorption and metabolism of lipids by the animal organism [
27]. The level of TG reflects the body’s blood lipids. When the TG content in the body is too high, the excess TG accumulates in the liver, increasing the burden on the liver and even leading to the occurrence of fatty liver [
28]. In this study, the addition of TTO had no significant effect on the TG, CHO, HDL, and LDL levels.
The immunoglobulins in serum mainly include IgG, IgM, and IgA, which reflect the body’s immunity level. IgM is the earliest antibody that appears in the primary humoral immune response and can have anti-infection and virus-neutralizing effects by binding to antibodies to dissolve pathogens [
29]. IgA has a better immune function in the local mucosa of the respiratory tract and digestive tract and infected membrane tissue [
30]. IgG is the main antibody in serum, accounting for about 75% of immunoglobulins, and it has the function of binding antigens to activate, complement, and kill pathogens to resist infection effectively [
31]. IgG is the main component of antibacterial, antitoxin, and antiviral antibodies and is also an important material that provides dairy cows protection against infection. Since IgG has the highest content and is also the only immunoglobulin that can cross the placental barrier, it plays an important role in the anti-infection of dairy cows. Adding resveratrol to the diet can increase the level of IgG in dairy cows [
32]. In this experiment, the addition of TTO to the TMR diets had no profound effect on IgM and IgA concentrations. Remarkably, the addition of TTO to the TMR diets increased the level of serum IgG in the postpartum dairy cows, suggesting that the addition of TTO to TMR diets is beneficial to enhance immunity in postpartum dairy cows and that it has no adverse effects on the health of dairy cows.