A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating the Impact of Neutering Bitches Prepubertally or Post-Pubertally on Physical Development
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Setting
2.3. Study Animals
2.4. Variables and Data Sources
2.4.1. Physical Assessments
2.4.2. Digital Images of the Vulva
2.5. Bias and Study Size
2.6. Quantitative Variables and Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Height
3.2.1. Six-Month
3.2.2. 17-Month
3.2.3. Change in Height between Six- and 17-Month Physical Assessments
3.3. Body Weight
3.3.1. Six-Month
3.3.2. 17-Month
3.3.3. Change in Body Weight between Six- and 17-Month Physical Assessments
3.4. Body Condition Score
3.4.1. Six-Month
3.4.2. 17-Month
3.5. Vulval Size
3.5.1. Six-Month
3.5.2. 17-Month
3.5.3. Change in Vulval Size between Six- and 17-Month Physical Assessments
3.6. Vulval Appearance
3.6.1. Vulval Appearance at the Physical Assessments
3.6.2. Vulval Appearance from Examination of Digital Images
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | BCS 3 | BCS 4 | BCS 5 | BCS 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Breed | ||||
Golden Retriever cross Labrador (n = 200) | 2 | 149 | 46 | 3 |
Backcrosses (n = 58) | 0 | 34 | 17 | 7 |
Labrador cross Golden Retriever (n = 43) | 0 | 31 | 12 | 0 |
Veterinary practice | ||||
1 (n = 65) | 1 | 48 | 16 | 0 |
2 (n = 52) | 0 | 6 | 39 | 7 |
3 (n = 118) | 0 | 103 | 12 | 3 |
4 (n = 66) | 1 | 57 | 8 | 0 |
Trial group | ||||
PPN (n = 152) | 1 | 106 | 44 | 1 |
Control (n = 149) | 1 | 108 | 31 | 9 |
Variable | BCS 4 | BCS 5 | BCS 6 |
---|---|---|---|
Breed Golden Retriever cross Labrador (n = 171) | 6 | 149 | 16 |
Backcrosses (n = 49) | 0 | 39 | 10 |
Labrador cross Golden Retriever (n = 32) | 2 | 25 | 5 |
Veterinary practice | |||
1 (n = 52) | 4 | 43 | 5 |
2 (n = 44) | 0 | 29 | 15 |
3 (n = 87) | 1 | 78 | 8 |
4 (n = 50) | 0 | 49 | 1 |
Other (n=) | 3 | 14 | 2 |
Trial group PPN (n = 125) | 4 | 105 | 16 |
Control (n = 127) | 4 | 108 | 15 |
Statistic | Change in Vulval Length (cm) | Change in Vulval Width (cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
PPN N = 119 | Control N = 125 | PPN N = 119 | Control N = 125 | |
Mean ± SEM | 0.08 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.05 | −0.05 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.04 |
Range | −1.4 to 1.7 | −1.0 to 1.9 | −1.6 to 1.5 | −1.0 to 1.3 |
Vulval Measurement | Comparison | Mean Difference | SEM | 91% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vulval length | PPN vs. Control * | −0.377 | 0.079 | −0.511 to −0.243 | <0.001 |
Vulval width | PPN vs. Control * | −0.221 | 0.063 | −0.328 to −0.113 | <0.001 |
Vulval length | VP3 vs. VP2 * | −0.373 | 0.111 | −0.666 to −0.079 | 0.005 |
Vulval length | VP4 vs. VP1 * | −0.397 | 0.112 | −0.693 to −0.102 | 0.005 |
Vulval length | VP4 vs. VP2 * | −0.676 | 0.122 | −0.997 to −0.354 | <0.001 |
Vulval length | VP4 vs. VP3 * | −0.303 | 0.108 | −0.588 to −0.019 | 0.054 |
Vulval width | VP1 vs. VP2 * | −0.353 | 0.095 | −0.603 to −0.103 | 0.003 |
Vulval width | VP4 vs. VP2 * | −0.468 | 0.098 | −0.726 to −0.211 | <0.001 |
Vulval width | VP4 vs. VP3 * | −0.304 | 0.086 | −0.531 to −0.076 | 0.005 |
Reported Anomaly in Vulval Appearance | Six-Month Assessment Observed % (N) | Chi-Square (p Value) | 17-Month Assessment Observed % (N) | Chi-Square (p Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Swollen vulva | ||||
PPN group | 0.7 (1) | 1.551 * (0.213) | 0.0 (0) | Analysis not possible |
Control group | 3.3 (5) | 0.0 (0) | ||
Vaginal discharge | ||||
PPN group | 9.2 (14) | 4.867 (0.027) | 4.8 (6) | 0.130 * (0.718) |
Control group | 17.9 (27) | 3.1 (4) | ||
Juvenile | ||||
PPN group | 15.1 (23) | 1.389 (0.238) | 16.0 (20) | 14.834 * (<0.001) |
Control group | 10.6 (16) | 1.6 (2) | ||
Recessed/inverted | ||||
PPN group | 14.5 (22) | 0.428 (0.513) | 13.6 (17) | 7.792 * (0.005) |
Control group | 17.2 (26) | 3.1 (4) | ||
Prominent perivulval skin folds | ||||
PPN group | 3.3 (5) | 1.788 (0.181) | 4.8 (6) | 1.237 (0.266) |
Control group | 6.6 (10) | 1.6 (2) | ||
Perivulval dermatitis | ||||
PPN group | 0.7 (1) | 6.092 * (0.014) | 0.0 (0) | Analysis not possible |
Control group | 6.6 (10) | 1.6 (2) |
Reported Anomaly in Vulval Appearance | Six-Month PPN % (N) | Six-Month Control % (N) | Chi-Square (p Value) | 17-Month PPN % (N) | 17-Month Control % (N) | Chi-Square (p Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vulval discharge | ||||||
Present on image | 49.3 (36) | 55.0 (44) | 0.494 (0.482) | 28.8 (23) | 22.6 (21) | 0.863 (0.353) |
Not present | 50.7 (37) | 45.0 (36) | 71.3 (57) | 77.4 (72) | ||
Vulval discharge categorisation | ||||||
Mucoid | 13.7 (10) | 7.5 (6) | 2.541 (0.281) * | 8.8 (7) | 6.5 (6) | 4.398 (0.222) * |
Mucoid purulent | 12.3 (9) | 18.8 (15) | 6.3 (5) | 9.8 (9) | ||
Purulent | 23.3 (17) | 27.5 (22) | 13.8 (11) | 5.4 (5) | ||
Haemorrhagic | 0.0 (0) | 1.3 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | ||
Dorsal skin folds | ||||||
Present on image | 98.9 (88) | 100.0 (98) | Analysis not possible | 97.8 (89) | 99.0 (95) | 0.002 (0.963) † |
Not present | 1.1 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 2.2 (2) | 1.0 (1) | ||
Estimated dorsal skin fold coverage | ||||||
0% | 1.2 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 2.500 (0.475) ** | 2.6 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 4.089 (0.252) ** |
10% | 1.2 (1) | 3.3 (3) | 7.8 (6) | 10.2 (9) | ||
20% | 26.7 (23) | 21.7 (20) | 32.5 (25) | 35.2 (31) | ||
30% | 24.4 (21) | 34.8 (32) | 28.6 (22) | 37.5 (33) | ||
40% | 29.1 (25) | 27.2 (25) | 19.5 (15) | 13.6 (12) | ||
50% | 16.3 (14) | 10.9 (10) | 9.1 (7) | 3.4 (3) | ||
60% | 1.2 (1) | 1.1 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | ||
70% | 0.0 (0) | 1.1 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | ||
Recessed/inverted appearance | ||||||
Present on image | 82.8 (72) | 78.0 (71) | 0.632 (0.427) | 71.1 (54) | 46.3 (38) | 9.902 (0.002) |
Not present | 17.2 (15) | 22.0 (20) | 28.9 (22) | 53.7 (44) | ||
Perivulval skin changes | ||||||
Present on image | 98.2 (112) | 99.1 (109) | 0.001 (0.975) † | 96.4 (107) | 99.2 (118) | 0.967 (0.325) † |
Not present | 1.8 (2) | 0.9 (1) | 3.6 (4) | 0.8 (1) | ||
Nature of perivulval changes | ||||||
Skin discolouration | 28.8 (32) | 31.8 (34) | 0.187 (0.666) ‡ | 23.4 (26) | 38.7 (46) | 5.563 (0.018) ‡ |
Hair discolouration | 2.7 (3) | 2.8 (3) | 0.9 (1) | 0.8 (1) | ||
Skin and hair discolouration | 69.4 (77) | 67.3 (72) | 72.1 (80) | 59.7 (71) |
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Moxon, R.; Freeman, S.L.; Payne, R.; Godfrey-Hunt, J.; Corr, S.; England, G.C.W. A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating the Impact of Neutering Bitches Prepubertally or Post-Pubertally on Physical Development. Animals 2023, 13, 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091431
Moxon R, Freeman SL, Payne R, Godfrey-Hunt J, Corr S, England GCW. A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating the Impact of Neutering Bitches Prepubertally or Post-Pubertally on Physical Development. Animals. 2023; 13(9):1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091431
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoxon, Rachel, Sarah L. Freeman, Richard Payne, Jasmine Godfrey-Hunt, Sandra Corr, and Gary C. W. England. 2023. "A Prospective Cohort Study Investigating the Impact of Neutering Bitches Prepubertally or Post-Pubertally on Physical Development" Animals 13, no. 9: 1431. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091431