An Insight into Practices Associated with the Control of Internal Parasites in the Dairy Goat Herds of Romania: A Questionnaire Survey
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Questionnaire Development and Distribution
2.2. Data Processing and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Information about the Holdings and Pastures
3.2. Parasite Control Practices
3.3. Anthelmintic Treatment
3.4. Farmers’ Perception of Parasitic Infections
4. Discussion
4.1. Parasite Control Practices
4.2. Anthelmintic Treatment
4.3. Farmers’ Perception of Parasitic Infections
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Farming Practice | Frequency or Manner of Performance | Number of Herds | Proportion of Herds [%] | 95% Confidence Interval [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of dewormings per year | Never | 3 | 1.3 | 0.4–3.7 |
1 time | 20 | 8.5 | 5.6–12.8 | |
2–3 times | 149 | 63.7 | 57.3–69.6 | |
>3 times | 62 | 26.5 | 21.3–32.5 | |
Parasitological laboratory analyses (fecal egg count, FEC) per year | Never | 207 | 88.5 | 83.7–92.0 |
1 time | 9 | 3.8 | 2.0–7.2 | |
2 times | 10 | 4.3 | 2.3–7.7 | |
>3 or more times | 0 | 0 | 0–1.6 | |
When clinical signs appear | 8 | 3.4 | 1.7–6.6 | |
Always before treatment | 0 | 0 | 0–1.6 | |
The person responsible for deworming | The farmer | 181 | 77.4 | 71.6–82.3 |
Veterinarian | 37 | 15.8 | 11.7–21.0 | |
Technician | 16 | 6.8 | 4.3–10.8 | |
Others | 0 | 0 | 0–1.6 | |
Basis for selection of the time of treatment | Previous experience | 165 | 70.5 | 64.4–76.0 |
When clinical signs appear | 27 | 11.5 | 8.1–16.3 | |
Before or after housing | 20 | 8.5 | 5.6–12.8 | |
When changing pasture | 12 | 5.1 | 3.0–8.8 | |
After parasitological analyses | 8 | 3.4 | 1.7–6.6 | |
When weather changes | 2 | 0.9 | 0.2–3.1 | |
Manner of determining the dose | Visual approximation | 191 | 81.6 | 76.2–86.1 |
Weighing medium-sized animal | 31 | 13.2 | 9.5–18.2 | |
Weighing the heaviest animal | 6 | 2.6 | 1.2–5.5 | |
Individual weighting | 6 | 2.6 | 1.2–5.5 | |
Other methods | 0 | 0 | 0–1.6 | |
Basis for choosing the antiparasitic product | Effectiveness | 109 | 46.6 | 40.3–53.0 |
Withdrawal time | 63 | 26.9 | 21.7–33.0 | |
Habit | 29 | 12.4 | 8.7–17.2 | |
Price | 25 | 10.7 | 7.3–15.3 | |
Route of administration | 8 | 3.4 | 1.7–6.6 | |
Parasitological laboratory analysis | 0 | 0 | 0–1.6 | |
Other | 0 | 0 | 0–1.6 |
Anthelmintic Classes | Number of Herds | Proportion of Herds [%] | 95% Confidence Interval [%] |
---|---|---|---|
Benzimidazoles (BZs) | 200 | 85.5 | 80.4–89.4 |
Macrocyclic lactones (MLs) | 191 | 81.6 | 76.2–86.1 |
Levamisole (LEV) | 14 | 6.0 | 3.6–9.8 |
Other | 2 | 0.9 | 0.2–3.1 |
Alternative treatments (e.g., medicinal plants) | 6 | 2.6 | 1.2–5.5 |
Clinical Symptoms | Number of Herds | Proportion of Herds [%] | 95% Confidence Interval [%] |
---|---|---|---|
Cough | 109 | 46.6 | 40.3–53.0 |
Diarrhea | 103 | 44.0 | 37.8–50.4 |
Weakening | 96 | 41.0 | 34.9–47.4 |
Submandibular edema | 86 | 36.8 | 30.8–40.1 |
Decrease in milk yield | 74 | 31.6 | 26.0–37.8 |
Reduced growth | 72 | 30.8 | 25.2–37.0 |
Anemia | 69 | 29.5 | 24.0–35.6 |
Sudden death | 67 | 28.6 | 23.2–34.7 |
Factor a | Herds in Which Parasites Were Considered a Problem (n = 42) | Herds in Which Parasites Were Not Considered a Problem (n = 192) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Herd size b | 94, 70–173 (30–690) | 150, 89–221 (12–718) | 0.023 |
NUTS macro-region RO1 | 24/42 (57.1) | 48/192 (25.0) | <0.001 |
Pasture | |||
Intensive farming system | 0/42 (0) | 18/192 (9.4) | 0.049 |
Grazing in backyard c | 5/42 (11.9) | 2/174 (1.2) | 0.002 |
Grazing with cattle c | 13/42 (31.0) | 64/174 (36.8) | 0.475 |
Grazing with sheep c | 33/42 (78.6) | 118/174 (67.8) | 0.162 |
Grazing with horses c | 6/42 (14.3) | 7/174 (4.0) | 0.023 |
Grazing with roe deer c | 0/42 (0) | 10/174 (5.8) | 0.216 |
Grazing with buffalo c | 5/42 (11.9) | 0/174 (0) | <0.001 |
Clinical symptoms | |||
Anemia | 24/42 (57.1) | 45/192 (23.4) | <0.001 |
Diarrhea | 24/42 (57.1) | 79/192 (41.2) | 0.059 |
Submandibular edema | 30/42 (71.4) | 56/192 (29.2) | <0.001 |
Reduced growth | 30/42 (71.4) | 42/192 (21.9) | <0.001 |
Cough | 36/42 (85.7) | 73/192 (38.0) | <0.001 |
Decreased milk yield | 28/42 (66.7) | 46/192 (24.0) | <0.001 |
Weakening | 31/42 (73.8) | 65/192 (33.9) | <0.001 |
Sudden death | 21/42 (50.0) | 46/192 (24.0) | 0.001 |
Internet as a source of knowledge | 12/42 (28.6) | 19/192 (9.9) | 0.003 |
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Potârniche, A.-V.; Cerbu, C.; Olah, D.; Trif, E.; D’Amico, G.; Györke, A.; Mickiewicz, M.; Nowek, Z.; Czopowicz, M.; Nadolu, D.; et al. An Insight into Practices Associated with the Control of Internal Parasites in the Dairy Goat Herds of Romania: A Questionnaire Survey. Animals 2024, 14, 2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162375
Potârniche A-V, Cerbu C, Olah D, Trif E, D’Amico G, Györke A, Mickiewicz M, Nowek Z, Czopowicz M, Nadolu D, et al. An Insight into Practices Associated with the Control of Internal Parasites in the Dairy Goat Herds of Romania: A Questionnaire Survey. Animals. 2024; 14(16):2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162375
Chicago/Turabian StylePotârniche, Adrian-Valentin, Constantin Cerbu, Diana Olah, Emilia Trif, Gianluca D’Amico, Adriana Györke, Marcin Mickiewicz, Zofia Nowek, Michał Czopowicz, Dorina Nadolu, and et al. 2024. "An Insight into Practices Associated with the Control of Internal Parasites in the Dairy Goat Herds of Romania: A Questionnaire Survey" Animals 14, no. 16: 2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162375