Protective Effect of Coated Benzoic Acid on Intestinal Epithelium in Weaned Pigs upon Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Approval
2.2. Animal Diets and Experimental Design
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Growth Performance Evaluation
2.5. Serum Parameter Measurements
2.6. Analysis of Intestinal Antioxidant Parameters
2.7. Immunofluorescence Analysis
2.8. Cell Cycle Measurement
2.9. Apoptosis Measurement
2.10. Immunohistochemistry Analysis of Mucosal sIgA
2.11. RNA Extraction, cDNA Synthesis, and Quantitative Real-Time PCR Analysis
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effect of CBA on Growth Performance in the ETEC-Challenged Pigs
3.2. Effect of CBA on Serum Inflammatory Cytokines and Antioxidant Capacity in the ETEC-Challenged Pigs
3.3. Effect of CBA on Integrity of Intestinal Epithelium in the ETEC-Challenged Pigs
3.4. Effect of CBA Supplementation on Cell Cycle and Apoptosis in the Jejunal Epithelium
3.5. Effect of CBA on Intestinal Mucosal Immunity and Antioxidant Capacity in ETEC-Challenged Pigs
3.6. Effect of CBA on Expressions of Critical Genes Related to Intestinal Epithelium Functions in ETEC-Challenged Pigs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Factors | ETEC | ||
---|---|---|---|
No Challenge | Challenge with E. coli | ||
CBA | No | CON (n = 8) | ECON (n = 8) |
Yes | CBA (n = 8) | ECBA (n = 8) |
ITEM | Treatment | p-Value (One-Way ANOVA) | SEM (n = 32) | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | CBA | ECON | ECBA | CBA | ETEC | Interaction | |||
Initial body weight | 7.99 | 7.78 | 7.66 | 7.85 | 0.373 | 0.07 | |||
Final body weight | 13.03 a | 13.73 a | 11.41 b | 13.14 a | 0.013 | 0.27 | 0.014 | 0.025 | 0.279 |
ADFI (g/d) | 403.01 ab | 421.15 a | 319.13 b | 406.77 ab | 0.100 | 15.68 | 0.085 | 0.108 | 0.250 |
ADWG (g/d) | 240.08 ab | 283.33 a | 178.90 b | 251.79 a | 0.021 | 12.34 | 0.013 | 0.043 | 0.503 |
F: G | 1.73 ab | 1.51 b | 1.84 a | 1.65 ab | 0.142 | 0.05 | 0.045 | 0.217 | 0.898 |
Diarrhea ratios (%) | 6.55 b | 4.76 b | 26.79 a | 13.10 ab | 0.013 | 2.77 | 0.121 | 0.006 | 0.229 |
ITEM | Treatment | p-Value (One-Way ANOVA) | SEM (n = 32) | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | CBA | ECON | ECBA | CBA | ETEC | Interaction | |||
IL-6 (ng/L) | 748.00 ab | 693.23 bc | 805.50 a | 619.01 c | <0.001 | 17.75 | <0.001 | 0.757 | 0.020 |
IL-1β (ng/L) | 34.31 b | 35.87 ab | 39.53 a | 34.38 b | 0.045 | 0.77 | 0.211 | 0.193 | 0.024 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 270.69 a | 259.77 a | 263.92 a | 205.60 b | <0.001 | 5.99 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.006 |
ET (pg/mL) | 300.16 ab | 292.17 b | 316.37 a | 290.59 b | 0.069 | 3.91 | 0.027 | 0.322 | 0.231 |
CAT (U/mL) | 31.10 a | 29.06 a | 15.87 b | 16.70 b | <0.001 | 1.88 | 0.838 | <0.001 | 0.633 |
GSH-Px (μmol/L) | 478.04 a | 456.53 ab | 405.39 b | 492.24 a | 0.033 | 11.52 | 0.127 | 0.382 | 0.015 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 3.02 b | 3.17 b | 4.01 a | 3.58 ab | 0.064 | 0.15 | 0.613 | 0.015 | 0.293 |
T-AOC (U/mL) | 3.36 bc | 4.56 ab | 2.19 c | 6.20 a | 0.004 | 0.44 | 0.001 | 0.747 | 0.066 |
T-SOD (U/L) | 175.83 ab | 171.49 b | 153.49 c | 182.18 a | <0.001 | 2.41 | <0.001 | 0.070 | <0.001 |
ITEM | Treatments | p-Value (One-Way ANOVA) | SEM (n = 32) | p-Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | CBA | ECON | ECBA | CBA | ETEC | Interaction | |||
Duodenum | |||||||||
CAT (U/mL) | 7.68 | 10.30 | 9.81 | 9.09 | 0.867 | 1.12 | 0.685 | 0.854 | 0.478 |
GSH-Px (μmol/L) | 39.17 b | 87.46 a | 37.54 b | 52.60 b | 0.010 | 6.30 | 0.007 | 0.105 | 0.138 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 0.81 | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.63 | 0.730 | 0.07 | 0.357 | 0.776 | 0.562 |
T-AOC (U/mL) | 0.17 | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.23 | 0.808 | 0.03 | 0.346 | 0.938 | 0.926 |
T-SOD (U/L) | 108.56 | 122.83 | 117.41 | 108.92 | 0.662 | 4.63 | 0.763 | 0.792 | 0.240 |
Jejunum | |||||||||
CAT (U/mL) | 11.74 a | 9.40 a | 5.87 b | 6.20 b | <0.001 | 0.64 | 0.315 | <0.001 | 0.184 |
GSH-Px (μmol/L) | 32.29 | 48.04 | 30.97 | 42.63 | 0.511 | 4.59 | 0.151 | 0.719 | 0.827 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 1.84 a | 1.24 b | 1.45 ab | 1.19 b | 0.016 | 0.09 | 0.009 | 0.154 | 0.275 |
T-AOC (U/mL) | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.779 | 0.02 | 0.482 | 0.567 | 0.623 |
T-SOD (U/L) | 156.83 | 153.66 | 182.23 | 176.47 | 0.295 | 6.31 | 0.723 | 0.063 | 0.918 |
Ileum | |||||||||
CAT (U/mL) | 3.27 ab | 4.80 a | 2.59 b | 3.38 ab | 0.071 | 0.31 | 0.056 | 0.081 | 0.529 |
GSH-Px (μmol/L) | 63.61 b | 108.85 a | 53.48 b | 70.12 b | 0.001 | 5.82 | 0.002 | 0.014 | 0.134 |
MDA (nmol/mL) | 0.92 | 0.64 | 0.91 | 0.83 | 0.409 | 0.06 | 0.172 | 0.518 | 0.444 |
T-AOC (U/mL) | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.416 | 0.01 | 0.162 | 0.380 | 0.798 |
T-SOD (U/L) | 138.25 | 122.36 | 124.04 | 114.12 | 0.327 | 4.61 | 0.169 | 0.230 | 0.747 |
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Qi, J.; Yu, B.; Hu, Y.; Luo, Y.; Zheng, P.; Mao, X.; Yu, J.; Zhao, X.; He, T.; Yan, H.; et al. Protective Effect of Coated Benzoic Acid on Intestinal Epithelium in Weaned Pigs upon Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge. Animals 2024, 14, 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162405
Qi J, Yu B, Hu Y, Luo Y, Zheng P, Mao X, Yu J, Zhao X, He T, Yan H, et al. Protective Effect of Coated Benzoic Acid on Intestinal Epithelium in Weaned Pigs upon Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge. Animals. 2024; 14(16):2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162405
Chicago/Turabian StyleQi, Jiawen, Bing Yu, Youjun Hu, Yuheng Luo, Ping Zheng, Xiangbing Mao, Jie Yu, Xiaonan Zhao, Taiqian He, Hui Yan, and et al. 2024. "Protective Effect of Coated Benzoic Acid on Intestinal Epithelium in Weaned Pigs upon Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Challenge" Animals 14, no. 16: 2405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14162405