Figure 1.
Schematic diagram showing the experimental protocol for the hazards of exposure to malathion and the efficiency of thyme and oregano essential oils as anti-toxic therapies in the rats. Rats were randomly assigned to two groups: (i) C − MLT, in which 25 rats served as the control group; and (ii) C + MLT, where 50 rats were dosed at 5 mg/kg body weight. C − MLT was continued from the earlier experiment, while MLT exposure was terminated after 21 days. The return to a normal state was determined by dividing C + MLT into two equal subgroups and treating them with 100 mg/kg body weight of OEO and ThEO, respectively.
Figure 1.
Schematic diagram showing the experimental protocol for the hazards of exposure to malathion and the efficiency of thyme and oregano essential oils as anti-toxic therapies in the rats. Rats were randomly assigned to two groups: (i) C − MLT, in which 25 rats served as the control group; and (ii) C + MLT, where 50 rats were dosed at 5 mg/kg body weight. C − MLT was continued from the earlier experiment, while MLT exposure was terminated after 21 days. The return to a normal state was determined by dividing C + MLT into two equal subgroups and treating them with 100 mg/kg body weight of OEO and ThEO, respectively.
Figure 2.
The liver tissue sections in the C − MLT group were stained with H&EC − MLT. (A,B) dotted black circles: normal hepatic nodules. (A,C) Black arrow: Sinusoids contained numerous Kupffer cells. (C,D) Yellow arrow: hepatic macrophages. (D) Black star: hexagonal lobules, each with a central vein at its core. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 2.
The liver tissue sections in the C − MLT group were stained with H&EC − MLT. (A,B) dotted black circles: normal hepatic nodules. (A,C) Black arrow: Sinusoids contained numerous Kupffer cells. (C,D) Yellow arrow: hepatic macrophages. (D) Black star: hexagonal lobules, each with a central vein at its core. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 3.
The liver tissue sections were stained with H&E in the C + MLT group. (A) Black arrow: vacuolar degeneration or fatty change. (A,B) dotted blue circle: liver architecture may have been disrupted, with areas of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation. (B,D) Black star: central veins and sinusoids may be dilated. (A–D) Blue arrow: a marked degree of hepatic fibrosis. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 3.
The liver tissue sections were stained with H&E in the C + MLT group. (A) Black arrow: vacuolar degeneration or fatty change. (A,B) dotted blue circle: liver architecture may have been disrupted, with areas of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation. (B,D) Black star: central veins and sinusoids may be dilated. (A–D) Blue arrow: a marked degree of hepatic fibrosis. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 4.
The kidney tissue sections in the C − MLT group were stained with H&EC − MLT. (A,B) Interstitial inflammation and fibrosis may have been present, reflecting a chronic inflammatory process. (C) Blue arrow: Bowman’s capsules. (D) Yellow arrow: degenerative changes, such as vacuolization or necrosis. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 4.
The kidney tissue sections in the C − MLT group were stained with H&EC − MLT. (A,B) Interstitial inflammation and fibrosis may have been present, reflecting a chronic inflammatory process. (C) Blue arrow: Bowman’s capsules. (D) Yellow arrow: degenerative changes, such as vacuolization or necrosis. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 5.
The kidney tissue sections were stained with H&E in the C + MLT group. (A–D) Black arrow: glomerular hypertrophy and hypercellularity. (D) Blue arrow: Bowman’s capsules. (C,D) Yellow arrow: degenerative changes, such as vacuolization or necrosis. (B,C) Black star: extravasation and hemorrhage; dotted blue circle: appeared disrupted, with areas of hepatocellular necrosis. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 5.
The kidney tissue sections were stained with H&E in the C + MLT group. (A–D) Black arrow: glomerular hypertrophy and hypercellularity. (D) Blue arrow: Bowman’s capsules. (C,D) Yellow arrow: degenerative changes, such as vacuolization or necrosis. (B,C) Black star: extravasation and hemorrhage; dotted blue circle: appeared disrupted, with areas of hepatocellular necrosis. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 6.
The liver tissue sections stained with H&E in the OEO group returned to normal status after MLT exposure. (A) Blue dotted circle: necrosis and psychotic nuclei compared to rats exposed to MLT alone. (B,D) yellow arrow: inflammation parenchyma, with fewer infiltrates of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. (D) Blue arrow: a moderate reduction in hepatic fibrosis. (C,D) Black arrow: a few hepatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm, indicating lipid accumulation. (A,C) Black star: dilated central vein was detected. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 6.
The liver tissue sections stained with H&E in the OEO group returned to normal status after MLT exposure. (A) Blue dotted circle: necrosis and psychotic nuclei compared to rats exposed to MLT alone. (B,D) yellow arrow: inflammation parenchyma, with fewer infiltrates of inflammatory cells such as lymphocytes and macrophages. (D) Blue arrow: a moderate reduction in hepatic fibrosis. (C,D) Black arrow: a few hepatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm, indicating lipid accumulation. (A,C) Black star: dilated central vein was detected. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 7.
The liver tissue sections stained with H&E in the ThEO group returned to normal status after MLT exposure. (A) Blue dotted circle: few remaining necrosis areas, psychotic nuclei, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. (D) Yellow arrow: accumulation of lipid droplets within hepatocytes. (D) Blue arrow: fibrosis grade persists. (A,C) Black star: dilated central veins. (C,D) Black arrow: hepatocellular necrosis by the presence of pyknotic nuclei and disrupted hepatic cords. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 7.
The liver tissue sections stained with H&E in the ThEO group returned to normal status after MLT exposure. (A) Blue dotted circle: few remaining necrosis areas, psychotic nuclei, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. (D) Yellow arrow: accumulation of lipid droplets within hepatocytes. (D) Blue arrow: fibrosis grade persists. (A,C) Black star: dilated central veins. (C,D) Black arrow: hepatocellular necrosis by the presence of pyknotic nuclei and disrupted hepatic cords. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 8.
The kidney tissue sections stained with H&E in the OEO group returned to normal status after MLT exposure. (A–D) Black arrow: a nearly normal pattern of liver architecture, with few remaining necrosis areas. (B) Black star: dilated central veins. (C,D) Blue arrow: Mild fibrosis grade persists. (C,D) Yellow arrow: steatosis, or the accumulation of lipid droplets within hepatocytes. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 8.
The kidney tissue sections stained with H&E in the OEO group returned to normal status after MLT exposure. (A–D) Black arrow: a nearly normal pattern of liver architecture, with few remaining necrosis areas. (B) Black star: dilated central veins. (C,D) Blue arrow: Mild fibrosis grade persists. (C,D) Yellow arrow: steatosis, or the accumulation of lipid droplets within hepatocytes. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 9.
The kidney tissue sections stained with H&E in the ThEO group return to normal status after MLT exposure. (A–C) Black arrow: a reduction in glomerular size. (C) Blue arrow: a decrease in Boymen’s capsule thickness. (C,D) Yellow arrow: tubular dilation. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Figure 9.
The kidney tissue sections stained with H&E in the ThEO group return to normal status after MLT exposure. (A–C) Black arrow: a reduction in glomerular size. (C) Blue arrow: a decrease in Boymen’s capsule thickness. (C,D) Yellow arrow: tubular dilation. The magnification power is ×100 (A,B) and ×400 (C,D).
Table 1.
Certificate of ThEO and OEO analysis *.
Table 1.
Certificate of ThEO and OEO analysis *.
Items | Analysis |
---|
ThEO | OEO |
---|
Batch No. | TO/CAL/5021/21-22 |
Country of origin | India |
Appearance | Yellow to pale yellow liquid | Yellow to amber-colored liquid |
Odor | The characteristic odor of thyme and sharp burning taste | pungent, spicy aroma |
Solubility in water | Insoluble | Insoluble |
Specific gravity | 0.919 (0.900–0.930) | 0.9370–0.9380 |
Refraction index at 25 °C | 1.4998 (1.4900–1.5100) | 1.510–1.520 |
Content | 50.21% (50.00% minimum) | 50.85% (50.00% minimum) |
Table 2.
The initial weight (IW; g.), Final weight (FW; g.), and body weight gain (BWG; g.) in the C − MLT and C + MLT during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in the albino male rats.
Table 2.
The initial weight (IW; g.), Final weight (FW; g.), and body weight gain (BWG; g.) in the C − MLT and C + MLT during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in the albino male rats.
Item | | C − MLT | C + MLT | | p-Value |
Exposure to Malathion (21 day) |
IW | at 0 day | 135.10 ± 1.06 ns | 134.80 ± 0.59 ns | | 0.808 |
FW | at 21 day | 192.00 ± 3.35 ** | 167.50 ± 4.84 | | 0.001 |
BWG | | 56.90 ± 3.94 ** | 32.70 ± 4.71 | | 0.001 |
Return to normal status (42 day) |
Item | | C − MLT | OEO | ThEO | p-Value |
IW | at 21 day | 190.00 ± 2.89 a | 163.33 ± 1.20 b | 163.67 ± 2.73 b | 0.001 |
FW | at 42 day | 216.33 ± 2.60 a | 187.67 ± 1.86 b | 191.67 ± 2.91 b | 0.001 |
BWG | | 26.33 ± 0.33 a | 24.33 ± 0.67 b | 28.00 ± 0.58 a | 0.009 |
Table 3.
Liver functions (U/L; ALT, AST, ALK-ph, and AChE) in the C − MLT and C + MLT during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in the albino male rats.
Table 3.
Liver functions (U/L; ALT, AST, ALK-ph, and AChE) in the C − MLT and C + MLT during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in the albino male rats.
Item | C − MLT | C + MLT | | p-Value |
Exposure to Malathion (21 day) |
ALT | 46.40 ± 0.22 | 73.20 ± 0.66 ** | | 0.001 |
AST | 153.10 ± 1.88 | 184.90 ± 0.33 ** | | 0.001 |
ALK-Ph | 109.70 ± 1.22 | 193.20 ± 2.65 ** | | 0.001 |
AChE | 5.75 ± 0.09 | 1.28 ± 0.03 ** | | 0.001 |
Return to normal status (42 day) |
Item | C − MLT | OEO | ThEO | p-Value |
ALT | 46.50 ± 0.29 a | 28.50 ± 2.02 c | 42.00 ± 0.58 b | 0.001 |
AST | 152.25 ± 2.45 a | 149.50 ± 0.29 a | 114.50 ± 0.29 b | 0.001 |
ALK-Ph | 110.25 ± 1.59 a | 112.00 ± 1.73 a | 103.00 ± 1.15 b | 0.013 |
AChE | 5.70 ± 0.10 a | 4.88 ± 0.02 b | 4.38 ± 0.25 c | 0.001 |
Table 4.
Kidney functions enzymes and lipid profiles in the C − MLT and C + MLT during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in the albino male rats.
Table 4.
Kidney functions enzymes and lipid profiles in the C − MLT and C + MLT during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in the albino male rats.
Item | C − MLT | C + MLT | p-Value |
Exposure to Malathion (21 day) |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 81.33 ± 1.86 | 177.00 ± 10.44 * | 0.010 |
T. protein (g/dL) | 6.89 ± 0.29 * | 5.10 ± 0.04 | 0.023 |
Alb (g/dL) | 5.23 ± 0.17 ** | 1.79 ± 0.41 | 0.006 |
Glb (g/dL) | 3.17 ± 0.04 * | 2.11 ± 0.15 | 0.014 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.57 ± 0.02 ** | 0.95 ± 0.01 | 0.001 |
TC (mg/dL) | 81.03 ± 0.77 * | 60.50 ± 2.93 | 0.015 |
TG (mg/dL) | 60.74 ± 0.52 ns | 50.54 ± 4.91 ns | 0.172 |
VLDL (g/dL) | 13.96 ± 0.98 ns | 12.59 ± 0.82 ns | 0.346 |
HDL (g/dL) | 61.12 ± 0.88 ** | 38.30 ± 1.18 | 0.001 |
LDL (g/dL) | 9.13 ± 0.39 ** | 6.42 ± 0.38 | 0.008 |
AI | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 0.94 ± 0.05 ** | 0.003 |
Return to normal status (42 day) |
Item | C − MLT | OEO | ThEO | p-Value |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 89.67 ± 2.91 b | 145.00 ± 1.73 a | 151.67 ± 1.45 a | 0.001 |
T. protein (g/dL) | 7.22 ± 0.16 ns | 5.76 ± 0.57 ns | 6.49 ± 0.66 | 0.214 |
Alb (g/dL) | 4.86 ± 0.26 a | 2.84 ± 0.14 b | 2.79 ± 0.17 b | 0.001 |
Glb (g/dL) | 3.43 ± 0.23 a | 1.60 ± 0.22 b | 1.95 ± 0.04 b | 0.001 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.59 ± 0.01 ns | 0.68 ± 0.10 ns | 0.71 ± 0.13 | 0.653 |
TC (mg/dL) | 80.93 ± 2.34 a | 64.19 ± 2.32 b | 64.22 ± 2.19 b | 0.003 |
TG (mg/dL) | 63.34 ± 1.30 a | 54.61 ± 2.15 b | 57.53 ± 0.57 b | 0.016 |
VLDL (g/dL) | 13.75 ± 0.15 ns | 11.78 ± 0.27 ns | 11.63 ± 0.62 | 0.120 |
HDL (g/dL) | 61.37 ± 0.84 a | 42.34 ± 1.60 b | 45.82 ± 2.03 b | 0.001 |
LDL (g/dL) | 9.32 ± 0.34 a | 7.40 ± 0.28 b | 7.82 ± 0.50 b | 0.028 |
AI | 0.38 ± 0.02 ns | 0.51 ± 0.03 ns | 0.42 ± 0.06 | 0.134 |
Table 5.
The antioxidant profile (GPX, BCA, TAC, SOD, and MDA) in the C − MLT and C + MLT groups during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in albino male rats.
Table 5.
The antioxidant profile (GPX, BCA, TAC, SOD, and MDA) in the C − MLT and C + MLT groups during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in albino male rats.
Item | C − MLT | C + MLT | | p-Value |
Exposure to Malathion (21 day) |
TAC | 7.30 ± 0.13 ** | 2.21 ± 0.01 | | 0.001 |
GPX | 4.41 ± 0.21 ** | 3.00 ± 0.09 | | 0.001 |
SOD | 14.55 ± 0.28 ** | 17.38 ± 0.29 | | 0.001 |
BCA | 111.19 ± 4.23 | 179.40 ± 2.43 ** | | 0.001 |
MDA | 29.06 ± 0.53 | 40.12 ± 0.37 ** | | 0.001 |
Return to normal status (42 day) |
Item | C − MLT | OEO | ThEO | p-Value |
TAC | 7.24 ± 0.17 b | 13.33 ± 0.79 a | 7.97 ± 0.13 b | 0.001 |
GPX | 4.27 ± 0.36 a | 7.31 ± 0.47 b | 16.66 ± 0.64 c | 0.001 |
SOD | 11.15 ± 0.38 b | 14.68 ± 0.36 a | 11.78±0.30 b | 0.001 |
BCA | 109.28 ± 5.53 ns | 120.00 ± 0.58 ns | 106.00 ± 1.15 ns | 0.112 |
MDA | 29.30 ± 0.69 b | 37.00 ± 1.44 a | 32.150.55 b | 0.002 |
Table 6.
CBCs in the C − MLT and C + MLT during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in the albino male rats.
Table 6.
CBCs in the C − MLT and C + MLT during exposure to malathion and C − MLT, OEO, and ThEO during return to normal status in the albino male rats.
Item | C − MLT | C + MLT | p-Value |
Exposure to Malathion (21 day) |
RBCs | 6.69 ± 0.02 | 8.40 ± 0.20 * | 0.013 |
Hb | 14.67 ± 0.04 | 16.85 ± 0.49 * | 0.046 |
Hct | 44.80 ± 0.03 ns | 44.90 ± 0.06 ns | 0.221 |
MCV | 66.66 ± 0.12 ** | 53.54 ± 1.22 | 0.008 |
MCH | 21.66 ± 0.06 ** | 20.10 ± 0.13 | 0.002 |
MHCH | 32.55 ± 0.08 | 37.52 ± 1.05 * | 0.041 |
RDW | 24.52 ± 0.20 ** | 15.10 ± 0.23 | 0.001 |
Platelets | 739.67 ± 10.11 ns | 844.00 ± 49.65 ns | 0.166 |
TLC | 11.42 ± 1.39 | 21.29 ± 0.20 * | 0.018 |
Nutro | 8.50 ± 2.60 | 20.67 ± 0.88 * | 0.032 |
Lympho | 73.00 ± 1.15 | 83.00 ± 2.31 * | 0.032 |
Monocy | 6.67 ± 0.33 | 8.50 ± 0.29 * | 0.015 |
Return to normal status (21 day) |
Item | C − MLT | OEO | ThEO | p-Value |
RBCs | 6.50 ± 0.15 ns | 6.21 ± 0.05 ns | 6.35 ± 0.21 ns | 0.441 |
Hb | 14.43 ± 0.12 ns | 14.50 ± 0.12 ns | 14.75 ± 1.01 ns | 0.924 |
Hct | 43.10 ± 0.70 a | 34.85 ± 0.61 c | 39.50 ± 0.87 b | 0.001 |
MCV | 66.09 ± 0.31 a | 56.21 ± 1.48 c | 62.27 ± 0.68 b | 0.001 |
MCH | 21.35 ± 0.17 b | 23.38 ± 0.39 c | 23.15 ± 0.83 bc | 0.072 |
MHCH | 31.19 ± 0.46 c | 41.63 ± 0.39 b | 37.32 ± 1.79 a | 0.002 |
RDW | 23.73 ± 0.62 a | 15.80 ± 0.12 b | 23.25 ± 2.68 a | 0.021 |
Platelets | 753.33 ± 4.18 ns | 843.00 ± 3.46 ns | 809.50 ± 59.76 ns | 0.258 |
TLC | 16.64 ± 1.40 ns | 19.17 ± 0.53 ns | 21.02 ± 1.80 ns | 0.150 |
Nutro | 12.33 ± 1.45 ns | 6.50 ± 0.87 ns | 11.00 ± 2.89 ns | 0.162 |
Lympho | 74.50 ± 1.22 b | 86.00 ± 1.15 a | 80.00 ± 2.89 a | 0.016 |
Monocy | 6.00 ± 0.58 c | 7.50 ± 0.29 b | 9.00 ± 0.00 a | 0.004 |