Effects of High-Grain Diet on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Flora of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design and Animal Management
2.2. Sample Collection and Analyses
2.3. DNA Extraction and 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
2.4. Bioinformatics Analysis of the Sequence Data
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Feed Intake and Lactation Performance
3.2. Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics
3.3. Sequencing and Diversity Measures
3.4. Ruminal Microbiota Composition
3.5. Correlation Analysis of Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Major Bacteria
3.6. Functional Prediction of the Microbial Community Structure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Items | Low-Grain Diets (LG) | High-Grain Diets (HG) |
---|---|---|
Ingredient, % of DM | ||
Alfalfa hay | 24 | 17 |
Oaten hay | 24 | 17 |
Corn silage | 12 | 6 |
Corn grain | 16.6 | 31.5 |
Soybean meal | 6.84 | 6.84 |
DDGS 1 | 3.7 | 4 |
Oatmeal | 4 | 4 |
Rootlet | 1.6 | 3.4 |
Spray corn husk | 2 | 4 |
Corn germ meal | 3 | 4 |
Premix 2 | 2.26 | 2.26 |
Total | 100 | 100 |
Nutrient composition | ||
DM 3, % | 50.74 | 51.03 |
Ash, % of DM | 6.79 | 5.67 |
Crude protein, % of DM | 15.43 | 15.54 |
Crude fat, % of DM | 2.97 | 3.03 |
NDF 4, % of DM | 38.02 | 31.08 |
ADF 5, % of DM | 23.42 | 17.95 |
Ca, % of DM | 0.84 | 0.85 |
P, % of DM | 0.35 | 0.38 |
Starch, % of DM | 17.36 | 29.72 |
NFC 6 | 36.79 | 44.68 |
NFC/NDF | 0.97 | 1.44 |
NEL 7, Mcal/kg of DM | 1.54 | 1.63 |
Item | Treatment 1 | SEM 2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LG | HG | |||
DMI 3, kg/d | 21.83 | 21.23 | 0.71 | 0.69 |
Milk yield, kg/d | 16.79 | 17.85 | 0.75 | 0.50 |
ECM 4, kg/d | 17.05 | 17.68 | 0.57 | 0.63 |
Milk composition | ||||
Fat, % | 4.02 | 3.75 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
Protein, % | 3.48 | 3.59 | 0.06 | 0.36 |
Lactose, % | 4.80 | 4.84 | 0.03 | 0.56 |
Total solids, % | 16.51 | 16.25 | 0.20 | 0.53 |
SCC 5, ×103/mL | 221.10 | 245.83 | 17.91 | 0.52 |
MUN 6, mg/dL | 15.73 | 16.61 | 0.26 | 0.09 |
Item | Treatment 1 | SEM 2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LG | HG | |||
Rumen pH | 6.03 | 5.56 | 0.09 | <0.01 |
NH3-N (mg/dL) | 12.34 | 13.12 | 0.88 | 0.46 |
TVFA 3 (mM) | 108.91 | 143.08 | 4.08 | <0.01 |
Acetate (mM) | 65.18 | 81.14 | 1.92 | <0.01 |
Propionate (mM) | 24.28 | 38.47 | 2.45 | <0.01 |
Butyrate (mM) | 14.24 | 17.52 | 0.78 | 0.03 |
Isobutyrate (mM) | 1.47 | 1.26 | 0.29 | 0.75 |
Valerate (mM) | 2.07 | 2.66 | 0.20 | 0.16 |
Isovalerate (mM) | 1.62 | 2.02 | 0.22 | 0.39 |
VFA profile (mol/100 mol) | ||||
Acetate | 59.88 | 56.71 | 0.78 | 0.03 |
Propionate | 22.30 | 26.89 | 1.07 | 0.02 |
Butyrate | 13.08 | 12.25 | 0.57 | 0.49 |
Isobutyrate | 1.35 | 0.88 | 0.27 | 0.42 |
Valerate | 1.90 | 1.86 | 0.16 | 0.91 |
Isovalerate | 1.49 | 1.41 | 0.19 | 0.85 |
Acetate/Propionate | 2.69 | 2.14 | 0.16 | <0.01 |
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Wang, K.; Song, D.; Zhang, X.; Datsomor, O.; Jiang, M.; Zhao, G. Effects of High-Grain Diet on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Flora of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals 2024, 14, 2522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172522
Wang K, Song D, Zhang X, Datsomor O, Jiang M, Zhao G. Effects of High-Grain Diet on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Flora of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows. Animals. 2024; 14(17):2522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172522
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Kexin, Damin Song, Xuelei Zhang, Osmond Datsomor, Maocheng Jiang, and Guoqi Zhao. 2024. "Effects of High-Grain Diet on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Rumen Microbial Flora of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows" Animals 14, no. 17: 2522. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14172522