Human Impact on the Twenty-Four-Hour Patterns of Steller Sea Lions’ Use of a Haulout in Hokkaido, Japan
by
Yuko Chayahara
1,†, 
Yumiko Nakanowataru
1,†,
Sara Abe
1,
Runa Kurosawa
1,
Sayuki Suma
1,
Nana Murasato
1,
Rin Oyamada
1,
Natsuki Ebashi
1,
Masatoshi Tsunokawa
2,
Mayu Sakurama
1 and
Takanori Kooriyama
1,* 1
Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai-Midori, Ebetsu 069-8501, Hokkaido, Japan
2
Otaru Aquarium, 3-303 Shukutsu, Otaru City 047-0047, Hokkaido, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Animals 2024, 14(9), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14091312
Submission received: 26 February 2024
/
Revised: 10 April 2024
/
Accepted: 23 April 2024
/
Published: 27 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Relationship between Marine Mammal Ecology and Human)
Simple Summary
The Steller sea lion (SSL) is the largest Otariidae family species widely distributed in the cold North Pacific Ocean. SSLs also migrate to Hokkaido, Japan, in the winter. SSLs travel south along the Sea of Japan coast for winter to catch the herring that spawn near the coast. SSLs utilize haulouts as rest sites during herring season, but this can be affected by weather- and human-related pressures. In this study, we investigated the haulout use patterns of SSLs and the effect of human disturbance over a period of three years. The behavior of the SSLs on the haulouts differed from when they were on rookeries. Furthermore, the number of SSLs on the haulout and the duration of time they spent there reduced from the first year (lower human pressure) to the third year (human presence increased). Based on these findings, the SSLs may adjust the timing of when they enter the water to around sunrise, following the ecology of the herring and to avoid human disturbance. Therefore, it is necessary to continue investigating the relationship between the ecology of the SSLs and environmental changes in order to determine the damage that the SSLs cause to fishery interests.
Abstract
Steller sea lions (SSLs) migrate to the Hokkaido coast to spend the winter there, leading to conflicts arising with fishermen over herring. This study analyzed the trends in the SSLs’ use of a haulout as a rest site under human pressure. From January to March in 2017, 2018, and 2019, we recorded the SSL behavior at the haulout site off Otaru City, Hokkaido, for 24 h a day using a fixed-point video recorder. We investigated three years of data to analyze the relationships between the SSL behaviors (attendance/landing–entry timings/remaining on land) and herring caught. We also monitored the SSL behaviors during changes in weather conditions and under human pressure. Throughout the three years, the SSLs used the haulout site during harsher weather or under human pressure. In 2017 and 2018, there was a correlation between the herring caught and the maximum number of SSLs on the haulout, but not in 2019. The number of SSLs on the haulout increased from evening to night; most individuals entered the water in the morning. The SSLs probably return to the water around sunrise not only for foraging but also to avoid anthropogenic pressure. The damage caused to the herring fishery by the SSLs was severe, but it is also clear that human pressure changed their behavior in response.
Keywords:
conflict; human disturbance; haulout; herring; Steller sea lions
