Chronic Heat Stress Induces Acute Phase Responses and Serum Metabolome Changes in Finishing Pigs
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals and Experimental Design
2.2. Sample Preparation
2.3. GC-TOF-MS Analysis
2.4. Data Processing and Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Blood Parameter
3.2. Antioxidant and Oxidative Biomarkers
3.3. Acute Phase Response
3.4. Metabolic Profiles and Orthogonal Supervised Pattern Recognition
3.5. Metabolic Changes
3.6. Correlation Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Blood Physiology Response of Finishing Pigs to Chronic Heat Stress
4.2. Serum Metabonomic Response of Finishing Pigs to Chronic Heat Stress
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | TN | HS | p |
---|---|---|---|
Erythrocyte (×1012/L) | 7.64 ± 0.093 | 7.583 ± 0.148 * | 0.030 |
Hematocrit (%) | 48.92 ± 0.85 | 44.37 ± 1.28 ** | 0.006 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 138.92 ± 2.82 | 127.6 ± 3.42 * | 0.010 |
MCV | 64.06 ± 1.08 | 58.5 ± 1.20 ** | 0.004 |
MCH | 18.18 ± 0.32 | 16.85 ± 0.36 ** | 0.032 |
NO. | Metabolites | RT | Quant Mass | VIP | p | Fold Change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gut Microbiome-Derived Metabolites | ||||||
1 | fluorene | 9.41 | 204 | 2.60 | 0.009 | 1.51 |
2 | lyxose 1 | 9.46 | 103 | 1.87 | 0.039 | 1.62 |
3 | d-galacturonic acid | 10.97 | 333 | 2.14 | <0.001 | 1.76 |
Fatty Acid Metabolism | ||||||
4 | 3-Hexenedioic acid | 8.65 | 170 | 1.91 | 0.049 | 2.10 |
5 | myristic Acid | 10.57 | 285 | 1.81 | 0.026 | 1.55 |
6 | palmitic acid | 11.56 | 117 | 1.96 | 0.043 | 1.55 |
7 | arachidonic acid | 13.02 | 80 | 1.16 | 0.034 | 0.76 |
8 | 3-Aminoisobutyric acid 1 | 8.29 | 174 | 1.36 | 0.020 | 1.23 |
9 | 3-hydroxybutanoic acid | 5.91 | 131 | 2.10 | 0.037 | 1.87 |
10 | maleic acid | 7.18 | 341 | 1.70 | 0.017 | 1.84 |
11 | tartaric acid | 9.31 | 355 | 1.91 | 0.027 | 1.46 |
Carbohydrate Metabolism | ||||||
12 | glucose 2 | 10.90 | 103 | 1.58 | <0.001 | 0.52 |
13 | mannose 2 | 10.82 | 160 | 2.23 | <0.001 | 0.65 |
14 | lactose 1 | 14.21 | 73 | 1.58 | 0.027 | 0.30 |
15 | 3,6-Anhydro-D-galactose | 10.00 | 231 | 1.45 | 0.015 | 0.58 |
16 | 6-phosphogluconic acid | 13.16 | 318 | 2.17 | 0.006 | 0.73 |
17 | ribonic acid, gamma-lactone | 9.70 | 68 | 2.31 | 0.024 | 1.53 |
18 | Glucoheptonic acid | 12.61 | 232 | 2.14 | 0.023 | 1.72 |
Amino Acid Metabolism | ||||||
19 | lysine | 10.95 | 174 | 1.39 | 0.015 | 1.71 |
20 | N-Methyl-DL-alanine | 6.25 | 130 | 1.88 | 0.050 | 2.19 |
Amines Metabolism | ||||||
21 | hydroxylamine | 5.88 | 245 | 1.62 | 0.031 | 1.56 |
22 | N-Acetyl-5-hydroxytryptamine 2 | 13.57 | 55 | 1.95 | 0.049 | 0.15 |
23 | 3-methylcatechol | 7.90 | 180 | 2.34 | 0.012 | 0.53 |
24 | indole-3-acetamide | 12.58 | 105 | 1.76 | 0.016 | 0.52 |
Metabolites | HP | LBP | lysozyme | α2HSG |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fluorene | 0.97 *** | NS | NS | NS |
N-Acetyl-5-Hydroxytryptamine 2 | NS | NS | 0.96 *** | NS |
Mannose 2 | −0.51 * | −0.68 ** | −0.52 * | −0.56 * |
Indole-3-acetamide 4 | NS | NS | 0.92 *** | NS |
Glucose 2 | NS | −0.62 * | NS | −0.52 * |
6 phosphogluconic acid | 0.92 *** | NS | NS | NS |
Arachidonic acid | 0.91 *** | NS | NS | NS |
3-Aminoisobutyric acid 1 | NS | −0.62 ** | −0.60 * | −0.55 * |
Tartaric acid | NS | 0.65 ** | 0.84 *** | NS |
Hydroxylamine | NS | NS | 0.93 *** | NS |
Lysine | NS | −0.52 * | NS | NS |
Maleic acid | NS | −0.58 * | NS | −0.51 * |
Ribonic acid, gamma-lactone | NS | 0.95 *** | NS | 0.97 *** |
Lyxose 1 | 0.53 * | 0.83 *** | NS | 0.86 *** |
D-galacturonic acid 1 | 0.58 * | 0.77 *** | NS | 0.79 ** |
Glucoheptonic acid 1 | NS | NS | 0.65 ** | NS |
N-Methyl-DL-alanine | 0.91 ** | NS | NS | NS |
3-Hexenedioic acid | NS | NS | NS | NS |
3-hydroxybutanoic acid | NS | 0.95 *** | 0.97 *** | |
Myristic Acid | NS | NS | 0.91 *** | NS |
Palmitic acid | NS | 0.92 *** | NS | 0.95 *** |
Lactose 1 | NS | NS | NS | NS |
3,6-Anhydro-D-Galactose 3 | 0.94 *** | NS | NS | NS |
3-methylcatechol | NS | NS | NS | 0.51 * |
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Cui, Y.; Wang, C.; Hao, Y.; Gu, X.; Wang, H. Chronic Heat Stress Induces Acute Phase Responses and Serum Metabolome Changes in Finishing Pigs. Animals 2019, 9, 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9070395
Cui Y, Wang C, Hao Y, Gu X, Wang H. Chronic Heat Stress Induces Acute Phase Responses and Serum Metabolome Changes in Finishing Pigs. Animals. 2019; 9(7):395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9070395
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Yanjun, Chong Wang, Yue Hao, Xianhong Gu, and Haifeng Wang. 2019. "Chronic Heat Stress Induces Acute Phase Responses and Serum Metabolome Changes in Finishing Pigs" Animals 9, no. 7: 395. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9070395