Lactational Responses of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats to Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals, Treatments, and Management Conditions
2.2. Sample Collection, Analyses, and Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Carnitine Concentrations in Blood
3.2. Rectal Temperature and Respiratory Rate
3.3. Feed Intake and Feed Sorting
3.4. Milk Yield and Composition
3.5. Body Weight and Subcutaneous Fat Assessment
3.6. Blood Metabolites
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Total Mixed Ration |
---|---|
Component, % | |
Dry matter | 88.2 |
Organic matter | 88.1 |
Crude protein | 17.7 |
Ether extract | 1.79 |
Neutral detergent fiber | 39.3 |
Acid detergent fiber | 28.6 |
Nutritive value1 | |
UEL,2 /kg | 1.08 |
UFL,3 /kg | 0.76 |
PDI,4 g/kg | 94.2 |
PDIA,5 g/kg | 45.5 |
RPB,6 g/kg | 31.6 |
Caabs, g/kg | 2.73 |
Pabs, g/kg | 0.84 |
L-Carnitine | TN | HS | SEM | Effect 1 (p =) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | CAR | CON | CAR | T | C | T × C | ||
Free | 20.42 | 61.23 | 18.42 | 50.50 | 4.06 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.30 |
Acetyl-carnitine | 6.79 | 17.49 | 6.90 | 21.24 | 2.08 | 0.35 | 0.01 | 0.38 |
Total | 26.78 | 78.30 | 24.90 | 71.30 | 4.32 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 0.56 |
Item | TN | HS | SEM | Effect 1 (p =) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | CAR | CON | CAR | T | C | T × C | ||
Rectal temperature, °C | ||||||||
0800 h | 38.5 | 38.5 | 39.1c | 39.2c | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.290 | 0.146 |
1200 h | 38.6 | 38.5 | 39.7b | 39.7b | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.520 | 0.863 |
1700 h | 38.7 | 38.6 | 39.9a | 39.9a | 0.05 | 0.001 | 0.222 | 0.648 |
Average | 38.6 | 38.5 | 39.6 | 39.6 | 0.04 | 0.001 | 0.762 | 0.464 |
Respiratory rate, breaths/min | ||||||||
0800 h | 36 | 35 | 88b | 88b | 3.0 | 0.001 | 0.939 | 0.933 |
1200 h | 36 | 36 | 126a | 121a | 3.0 | 0.001 | 0.455 | 0.282 |
1700 h | 40 | 39 | 133a | 127a | 3.0 | 0.001 | 0.247 | 0.144 |
Average | 37 | 37 | 116 | 112 | 2.4 | 0.001 | 0.430 | 0.542 |
Item | TN | HS | SEM | Effect 1 (p =) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | CAR | CON | CAR | T | C | T × C | ||
DM intake, kg/d | 2.60 | 2.56 | 1.85 | 1.95 | 0.16 | 0.007 | 0.976 | 0.859 |
Orts average particle size, mm | 5.31 | 7.92 | 3.99 | 5.02 | 1.10 | 0.057 | 0.238 | 0.674 |
Milk yield, kg/d | 1.90 | 1.80 | 1.59 | 1.69 | 0.14 | 0.059 | 0.955 | 0.730 |
FCM, L/d2 | 2.28 | 2.15 | 1.81 | 1.90 | 0.19 | 0.028 | 0.880 | 0.765 |
Milk composition, % | ||||||||
Total solids | 8.89 | 8.91 | 8.37 | 8.46 | 0.19 | 0.005 | 0.926 | 0.961 |
Fat | 4.33 | 4.21 | 4.02 | 3.96 | 0.20 | 0.076 | 0.729 | 0.984 |
Protein | 3.51 | 3.54 | 3.14 | 3.22 | 0.18 | 0.049 | 0.951 | 0.989 |
Lactose | 4.64 | 4.65 | 4.47 | 4.47 | 0.06 | 0.006 | 0.991 | 0.788 |
Fat yield, g/d | 85.8 | 80.7 | 66.5 | 69.3 | 7.8 | 0.015 | 0.864 | 0.844 |
Protein yield, g/d | 69.1 | 64.6 | 50.3 | 54.5 | 6.0 | 0.008 | 0.991 | 0.737 |
Somatic cell count, Log | 5.97 | 6.00 | 6.30 | 6.22 | 0.23 | 0.276 | 0.873 | 0.842 |
Item | TN | HS | SEM | Effect 1 (p =) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | CAR | CON | CAR | T | C | T × C | ||
Na, mmol/L | 148.0 | 147.6 | 147.0 | 147.0 | 0.52 | 0.349 | 0.881 | 0.299 |
K, mmol/L | 3.47 | 3.47 | 3.84 | 3.87 | 0.15 | 0.042 | 0.754 | 0.243 |
Ionized Ca, mmol/L | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.27 | 1.31 | 0.02 | 0.066 | 0.378 | 0.310 |
Cl, mmol/L | 103.8 | 103.6 | 107.9 | 107.8 | 0.67 | 0.007 | 0.109 | 0.497 |
TCO2, mmol/L | 25.7 | 25.9 | 20.9 | 21.2 | 0.69 | 0.009 | 0.678 | 0.871 |
Anion gap | 23.0 | 22.7 | 22.8 | 23.1 | 0.54 | 0.707 | 0.247 | 0.869 |
Hematocrit, % PCV | 17.6 | 18.6 | 17.7 | 18.4 | 0.92 | 0.770 | 0.609 | 0.899 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | 5.98 | 6.31 | 6.05 | 6.26 | 0.31 | 0.778 | 0.599 | 0.891 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 59.1 | 59.6 | 59.9 | 58.6 | 1.71 | 0.743 | 0.962 | 0.733 |
Urea, mg/dL | 23.2 | 24.5 | 18.3 | 19.8 | 1.85 | 0.008 | 0.710 | 0.971 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.47 | 0.52 | 0.57 | 0.54 | 0.02 | 0.007 | 0.906 | 0.211 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 17.6 | 18.0 | 17.1 | 17.1 | 1.3 | 0.878 | 0.660 | 0.501 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL | 74.7 | 76.2 | 85.5 | 79.9 | 5.8 | 0.219 | 0.911 | 0.733 |
non-esterified fatty acids, mmol/L | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.291 | 0.333 | 0.276 |
ß-hydroxybutyrate, mmol/L | 0.72 | 0.70 | 0.80 | 0.85 | 0.11 | 0.187 | 0.972 | 0.932 |
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Mehaba, N.; Salama, A.A.K.; Such, X.; Albanell, E.; Caja, G. Lactational Responses of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats to Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation. Animals 2019, 9, 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080567
Mehaba N, Salama AAK, Such X, Albanell E, Caja G. Lactational Responses of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats to Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation. Animals. 2019; 9(8):567. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080567
Chicago/Turabian StyleMehaba, Nabil, Ahmed A. K. Salama, Xavier Such, Elena Albanell, and Gerardo Caja. 2019. "Lactational Responses of Heat-Stressed Dairy Goats to Dietary L-Carnitine Supplementation" Animals 9, no. 8: 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080567