Association of Gut Dysbiosis with Disease Phenotype and Treatment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Faecal Sample Collection and DNA Isolation
2.3. Metagenomic Sequencing, Quality Control, and Taxonomic Assignment
2.4. Bioinformatics and Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics and Clinical Outcome
3.2. Alterations in the Gut Microbiota Composition of SLE Patients
3.3. Identification of Specific Bacteria as Possible SLE Markers
3.4. Identification of Gut Microbiota Signatures Associated with Clinical Characteristics in SLE: A Machine Learning-Driven Discovery
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SLE (n = 57) | Controls (n = 57) | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 44.19 ± 11.88 | 43.5 ± 11.05 | 0.76 |
BMI | 23.78 ± 4.75 | 24.13 ± 4.5 | 0.70 |
Clinical data | |||
Time of disease (years) | 11.07 ± 8.87 | NA | |
SLEDAI-2K | 5.81 ± 5.91 | NA | |
SLICC | 1.05 ± 1.33 | NA | |
Antinuclear antibody quantification (U/mL) | 9.47 ± 20.92 | NA | |
Anti-dsDNA quantification (U/mL) | 58.80 ± 201.00 | NA | |
C3 complement (mg/dL) | 99.24 ± 25.67 | NA | |
C4 complement (mg/dL) | 19.38 ± 8.29 | NA | |
CRP (mg/dL) | 2.40 ± 2.93 | NA | |
Comorbidities | |||
Diabetes (Yes) | 3 (5.26%) | NA | |
Hypertension (Yes) | 16 (28.07%) | NA | |
Cardiovascular disease (Yes) | 6 (10.52%) | NA | |
Renal disease (Yes) | 10 (17.54%) | NA | |
Arthritis (Yes) | 14 (24.56%) | NA | |
Osteopenia (Yes) | 8 (14.03%) | NA | |
Antiphospholipid syndrome (Yes) | 2 (3.5%) | NA | |
Sjögren syndrome (Yes) | 10 (17.54%) | NA | |
Raynaud’s syndrome (Yes) | 7 (12.28%) | NA | |
Rowell syndrome (Yes) | 1 (1.75%) | NA | |
Drug use | |||
Corticoids (Yes) | 23 (40.35%) | NA | |
Antimalarials (Yes) | 50 (87.71%) | NA | |
Azathioprine (Yes) | 6 (10.52%) | NA | |
Belimumab (Yes) | 7 (12.28%) | NA | |
Mycophenolate mofetil (Yes) | 4 (7.01%) | NA | |
Total drug use | 3.12 ± 1.98 | NA |
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Medina-Martínez, I.; Gil-Gutiérrez, R.; García-García, J.; de la Hera-Fernández, F.J.; Navarrete-Navarrete, N.; Zamora-Pasadas, M.; Ortego-Centeno, N.; Callejas-Rubio, J.L.; García-García, F.; Gálvez-Peralta, J.; et al. Association of Gut Dysbiosis with Disease Phenotype and Treatment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Med. Sci. 2025, 13, 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13030151
Medina-Martínez I, Gil-Gutiérrez R, García-García J, de la Hera-Fernández FJ, Navarrete-Navarrete N, Zamora-Pasadas M, Ortego-Centeno N, Callejas-Rubio JL, García-García F, Gálvez-Peralta J, et al. Association of Gut Dysbiosis with Disease Phenotype and Treatment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medical Sciences. 2025; 13(3):151. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13030151
Chicago/Turabian StyleMedina-Martínez, Irene, Rocío Gil-Gutiérrez, Jorge García-García, Francisco Javier de la Hera-Fernández, Nuria Navarrete-Navarrete, Mónica Zamora-Pasadas, Norberto Ortego-Centeno, José Luis Callejas-Rubio, Federico García-García, Julio Gálvez-Peralta, and et al. 2025. "Association of Gut Dysbiosis with Disease Phenotype and Treatment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus" Medical Sciences 13, no. 3: 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13030151
APA StyleMedina-Martínez, I., Gil-Gutiérrez, R., García-García, J., de la Hera-Fernández, F. J., Navarrete-Navarrete, N., Zamora-Pasadas, M., Ortego-Centeno, N., Callejas-Rubio, J. L., García-García, F., Gálvez-Peralta, J., Rodríguez-Nogales, A., Correa-Rodríguez, M., & Rueda-Medina, B. (2025). Association of Gut Dysbiosis with Disease Phenotype and Treatment in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Medical Sciences, 13(3), 151. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci13030151