Incidence and Prevalence of Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): The Importance of the Epidemiological Context. The Italian Case
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Objectives
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease | Signs and Symptoms Useful for a Correct Diagnosis |
---|---|
Rheumatoid arthritis | Involvement of some joints of the hands (metacarpophalangeal II and III, and proximal interphalangeal), positive results of rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPA), radiographic and ultrasound findings (erosive arthritis, periarticular osteoporosis). |
RS3PE | Symmetric multiple synovitis, seronegative in rheumatoid factor and ACPA, causing boxing-glove swelling with pitting edema of hands and feet. Ultrasound findings: tenosynovitis of extensor tendon sheath. |
Late-onset spondyloarthropathies, including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis | Inflammatory pain in the lumbar region; radiographic findings of sacroiliitis; psoriasis. |
Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus, sclerodermia, Sjogren’s syndrome, vasculitis | Inflammatory pain in the lumbar region; radiographic findings of sacroiliitis; psoriasis. |
Late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus, sclerodermia, Sjogren’s syndrome, vasculitis | Presence of antinuclear antibodies, presence of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. |
Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (dermatomyositis, polymyositis) | Skin rashes, increased creatine kinase in the blood. |
Scapulohumeral periarthritis, adhesive capsulitis (“frozen shoulder”) | Restriction of shoulder movements, even in passive; ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging allow one to diagnose the specific inflammation. Inflammatory markers not raised. |
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease | Monoarthritis; radiographic and ultrasound findings. |
Paraneoplastic syndromes | Failure to respond to glucocorticoid therapy or frequent relapses must be considered as elements of suspicion. Furthermore, the presence of untypical clinical manifestations and of laboratory findings (among these, macrocytic anemia or bicytopenia), and familiarity for neoplasms should also be considered as warning. |
Fibromyalgia | Inflammatory indices in their normal range, presence of tender points, widespread chronic pain. |
Authors | Year | Urban Area | Population | Setting | Criteria | Incidence | Prevalence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Salvarani et al. [31] | 1981–1985 | Reggio Emilia | 169,950 | hospital | Healey | 0.12 ** | ? |
Salvarani et al. [32] | 1980–1988 | Reggio Emilia | 169,950 | hospital | Healey | 0.12 ** | ? |
Salaffi et al. [33] | 2004 | Marche | 20,882 | primary care | Bird | ? | 0.37% |
Manzo et al. [34] | 2000–2007 | Mass Lubrense | 13,500 | primary care | Healey, mod. * | 2.3 ** | 0.621% |
De Socio et al. [35] | 2014–2016 | Campobasso | 100,000 | hospital | EULAR/ACR | 0.27 ** | ? |
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Manzo, C. Incidence and Prevalence of Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): The Importance of the Epidemiological Context. The Italian Case. Med. Sci. 2019, 7, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7090092
Manzo C. Incidence and Prevalence of Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): The Importance of the Epidemiological Context. The Italian Case. Medical Sciences. 2019; 7(9):92. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7090092
Chicago/Turabian StyleManzo, Ciro. 2019. "Incidence and Prevalence of Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR): The Importance of the Epidemiological Context. The Italian Case" Medical Sciences 7, no. 9: 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7090092