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Behavioral Sciences
Volume 12
Issue 10
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Behav. Sci., Volume 12, Issue 10 (October 2022) – 60 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Stereotypical portrayals of mental illness have a long history in film (e.g., the 1975 film One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest), but relatively few studies have investigated how viewing films depicting mental illness influences prejudice toward people with mental illness. In the current studies, we investigated the effects of watching the film Joker on prejudice. Joker was released in 2019 and became the first R-rated film to break USD 1 billion at the box office. The film does what many films before it have done: it associates mental illness with acts of violence. Across two studies, we demonstrate that viewing Joker increases prejudice toward people with mental illness. Moreover, in Study 2, we demonstrate that these increases in prejudice are difficult to mitigate. View this paper
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17 pages, 638 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Mechanisms Linking Transformational Leadership, Perceived Organizational Support, Creativity, and Performance in Hospitality: The Mediating Role of Affective Organizational Commitment
by Chung-Jen Wang
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100406 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4061
Abstract
Integrating leadership and creativity theories, this study proposed and examined a model linking transformational leadership, perceived organizational support, affective organizational commitment, creativity, and performance. Structural equation modeling was thus performed using 362 employee–supervisor dyads from the international tourist hotels in Taiwan. The results [...] Read more.
Integrating leadership and creativity theories, this study proposed and examined a model linking transformational leadership, perceived organizational support, affective organizational commitment, creativity, and performance. Structural equation modeling was thus performed using 362 employee–supervisor dyads from the international tourist hotels in Taiwan. The results indicated that both transformational leadership and perceived organizational support were significantly and positively related to employee affective organizational commitment, creativity, and performance, while affective organizational commitment had significantly positive influences on creativity and performance. Support was also found for the significant and positive mediating relationships between affective organizational commitment and the influences of both transformational leadership and perceived organizational support on creativity and performance. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for hospitality are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
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12 pages, 809 KiB  
Article
Attachment and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescence: The Mediatory Role of Emotion Awareness
by Maria João Carapeto, Raquel Domingos and Guida Veiga
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100405 - 21 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2609
Abstract
Attachment seems to influence depression through emotion regulation. However, no study has yet examined the mediatory role of emotion awareness, a particular subset of emotion regulation abilities, in the relationship between attachment and depressive problems in early and middle adolescence. The aim of [...] Read more.
Attachment seems to influence depression through emotion regulation. However, no study has yet examined the mediatory role of emotion awareness, a particular subset of emotion regulation abilities, in the relationship between attachment and depressive problems in early and middle adolescence. The aim of this study is to examine the direct and indirect effects of attachment on depressive symptoms in adolescence, considering the mediatory role of emotion awareness dimensions. A sample of adolescents (n = 223) filled up self-report questionnaires on attachment, emotion awareness and depression. Serial mediation models suggest direct effects on depression: negative for secure attachment and positive for anxious/ambivalent attachment. Anxious/ambivalent attachment has a positive indirect effect through lower differentiation of emotions. Both secure and anxious/ambivalent attachment have indirect positive effects on depression through the sequence of bodily unawareness and differentiation of emotions. Differentiating emotions has a central role in mediating the relationship between attachment and depressive symptoms, and the lack of bodily awareness of emotions contributes to such mediation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Psychology Research and Public Health)
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19 pages, 791 KiB  
Review
Exploring Stroke Patients’ Needs after Discharge from Rehabilitation Centres: Meta-Ethnography
by Basema Temehy, Sheeba Rosewilliam, George Alvey and Andrew Soundy
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100404 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3850
Abstract
Healthcare providers must consider stroke survivors needs in order to enable a good quality of life after stroke. This review aimed to investigate the perceived needs of the stroke survivors across various domains of care following their discharge from hospital. A meta-ethnographic review [...] Read more.
Healthcare providers must consider stroke survivors needs in order to enable a good quality of life after stroke. This review aimed to investigate the perceived needs of the stroke survivors across various domains of care following their discharge from hospital. A meta-ethnographic review of qualitative studies that reported needs of stroke patients after discharge from rehabilitation services was conducted. Main searches were conducted on the following electronic databases: Ovid Medline (1946 to 2021), CINAHL plus (EBSCO), AMED (EBSCO), PsycINFO (1967 to 2021), the Cochrane Library, and PubMed in June 2022. Main outcomes were related to stroke survivors’ views, experiences, and preferences on physical, psychological, social, rehabilitation needs, and other identified needs. Twenty-seven studies were included in the final analysis. The findings show that existing rehabilitation provision for stroke survivors does not address the long-term needs of stroke survivors. Two main issues were revealed concerning the unmet needs of stroke survivors: (1) a lack of information availability and suitability and (2) inadequacy of care and services. It is crucial to further investigate the needs of patients in Asian countries and the Middle East as there is very limited understanding of patients’ needs in the community in these regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding the Experiences of Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Interventions for Chronic Illnesses)
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13 pages, 412 KiB  
Article
An Empirical Investigation of University Students’ Behavioural Intention to Adopt Online Learning: Evidence from China
by Lu Hai, Guoyuan Sang, Hui Wang, Wenyu Li and Xiaohong Bao
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100403 - 20 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2277
Abstract
The present study examined the relationship among behavioural intention (BI) to adopt online learning, perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), self-regulated online learning (SR) and online learning self-efficacy (SE). A total of 900 university students with online learning experience from many [...] Read more.
The present study examined the relationship among behavioural intention (BI) to adopt online learning, perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease of use (PEU), self-regulated online learning (SR) and online learning self-efficacy (SE). A total of 900 university students with online learning experience from many provinces of China took part in the study. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to analyse the data accepted. The results indicate that PU has a significant positive effect on BI; SR has a significant positive effect on PEU, PU and BI. SE has a significant positive effect on PEU, PU and BI. In addition, SE and SR have significant indirect effects on BI through the mediation of PU. The outcomes have tangible theoretical and practical implications. They not only replicates previous research and provides possible space for further expansion of TAM, but also provide us with an opportunity to reflect on and actively take practical measures to improve BI. These efforts include teachers, parents and other educators trying to promote students’ academic achievements, self-efficacy and self-regulation in the process of online learning. The former is the most concerning issue, while the latter two are the source of students’ motivation. Furthermore, educators should make appropriate use of the role of digital technology in online learning and be careful not to exaggerate the value of digital technology, let alone equate it with online learning. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Educational Psychology)
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13 pages, 618 KiB  
Article
Impact of Staff Localization on Turnover: The Role of a Foreign Subsidiary CEO
by Joonghak Lee
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100402 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2480
Abstract
Great resignation has become a critical issue in management discipline and retaining talents is one of the most important properties across the globe. Among them, local staff have been regarded as an essential competitive advantage for multinational companies and their sustainability. In this [...] Read more.
Great resignation has become a critical issue in management discipline and retaining talents is one of the most important properties across the globe. Among them, local staff have been regarded as an essential competitive advantage for multinational companies and their sustainability. In this sense, staff localization has received considerable attention from scholars and professionals; however, few studies have examined the mechanisms underlying the relationship between staff localization and turnover. This study examines the macro-level relationship between the ratio of local staff in a subsidiary and the actual turnover rate of 89 multinational companies in 25 countries through their headquarters and subsidiary staff. Additionally, the aim of this study was to identify the moderating impact of a CEO’s nationality. The results showed that local staff leave organizations in which there are more expatriates deployed from HQs. Furthermore, the CEO’s nationality buffered the relationship between staff localization and the local staff turnover. This study can contribute to the academia and practice by revealing the effect of staff localization on staff turnover. In addition, a CEO staffing strategy focusing on nationality can be considered an important factor in retaining competitive local staff during the COVID-19 pandemic for multinational companies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
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8 pages, 288 KiB  
Article
Children’s Mental Health: Discrepancy between Child Self-Reporting and Parental Reporting
by Alejandra Caqueo-Urízar, Alfonso Urzúa, Ester Villalonga-Olives, Diego Atencio-Quevedo, Matías Irarrázaval, Jerome Flores and Cristian Ramírez
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100401 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2851
Abstract
(1) Background: Discrepancies between children’s self-reports and their parents’ reports on mental health indicators are associated with measurement errors or informant bias. However, they are a valuable tool in understanding the course of child psychopathology. This study aims to determine the level of [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Discrepancies between children’s self-reports and their parents’ reports on mental health indicators are associated with measurement errors or informant bias. However, they are a valuable tool in understanding the course of child psychopathology. This study aims to determine the level of discrepancies between parents’ perceptions and children’s self-reports in mental health indicators in Northern Chile. (2) Methods: A System of Evaluation of Children and Adolescents self-report (Sistema de Evaluación de Niños y Adolescentes, SENA) was responded to by 408 students between 8 and 13 years old and their parents. (3) Results: Children reported a significantly higher frequency of emotional problems, defiant behavior, and executive functions as compared to their parents’ responses. (4) Conclusions: There is a disjunction between the report of parents and children, which could originate in poor family communication. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)
15 pages, 1582 KiB  
Review
A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
by Bruno Špiljak, Maja Vilibić, Ana Glavina, Marija Crnković, Ana Šešerko and Liborija Lugović-Mihić
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100400 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6080
Abstract
Numerous psychoneuroimmune factors participate in complex bodily reactions to psychological stress, and some of them can be easily and non-invasively measured in saliva (cortisol, alpha-amylase, proinflammatory cytokines). Cortisol plays a crucial role in the stress response; thus, stressful events (academic examinations, cardiac surgery, [...] Read more.
Numerous psychoneuroimmune factors participate in complex bodily reactions to psychological stress, and some of them can be easily and non-invasively measured in saliva (cortisol, alpha-amylase, proinflammatory cytokines). Cortisol plays a crucial role in the stress response; thus, stressful events (academic examinations, cardiac surgery, dental procedures) are accompanied by an increase in cortisol levels. (A correlation between cortisol blood levels and salivary values has already been confirmed, particularly during stress). Academic stress is defined as everyday stress among students that has an impact on aspects of their psychological and physiological well-being. For example, exams are considered one of the most acute stressful experiences for students. The strength of the association between academic self-efficacy, psychological stress, and anxiety depends on a variety of factors: the type of academic challenge (e.g., oral exam), the presence of an audience, etc. Higher stress levels were predominantly recorded among younger students, primarily regarding their academic tasks and concerns (grades, exams, competing with peers for grades, fear of failing the academic year, etc.). The measurement of stress levels during academic stress can improve our understanding of the character and influence of stressful events in populations of students, preventing adverse reactions to long-term stress, such as a decreased immune response and increased anxiety. Full article
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12 pages, 910 KiB  
Article
The Individuals’ Willingness to Get the Vaccine for COVID-19 during the Third Wave: A Study on Trust in Mainstream Information Sources, Attitudes and Framing Effect
by Marianna Masiero, Davide Mazzoni, Silvia Francesca Maria Pizzoli, Simone Gargenti, Roberto Grasso, Ketti Mazzocco and Gabriella Pravettoni
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100399 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1968
Abstract
Different inner and external determinants might explain an individual’s willingness to get the vaccine for COVID-19. The current study aims at evaluating the effects of trust in mainstream information sources on individuals’ willingness to get the vaccine and the moderator role of the [...] Read more.
Different inner and external determinants might explain an individual’s willingness to get the vaccine for COVID-19. The current study aims at evaluating the effects of trust in mainstream information sources on individuals’ willingness to get the vaccine and the moderator role of the message framing. Six hundred and thirty-four participants (68.5% females and 31.5% males) were enrolled in an online survey. Participants filled out a questionnaire assessing: trust in mainstream information sources and vaccinal attitude (trust in vaccine benefit, worries over unforeseen future effects, concerns about commercial profiteering, and preference for natural immunity). In addition, participants were randomly exposed to one of four conditions of framing information about the vaccine (gain-probability; gain-frequency; loss-probability; loss-frequency). Results showed that trust in vaccine benefit (b = 9.90; 95% CI: 8.97, 11.73) and concerns about commercial profiteering (b = −4.70; 95% CI: −6.58, −2.81) had a significant effect on the intention to get the vaccine. Further, a significant interaction was observed between loss-gain and trust in vaccine benefit and between frequency-probability and concerns about commercial profiteering. Future vaccination campaigns should consider the individuals’ concerns about vaccine benefit and economic profits to efficaciously deliver frequency-framed or probability-framed information. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preventive Behaviors toward COVID-19: Antecedents, Compliance, and Psychological Impact)
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10 pages, 913 KiB  
Article
Effect of Confinement on Anxiety Symptoms and Sleep Quality during the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Caren Alvarado-Aravena, Karem Arriaza, Matías Castillo-Aguilar, Karen Flores, Alexies Dagnino-Subiabre, Claudia Estrada-Goic and Cristian Núñez-Espinosa
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100398 - 17 Oct 2022
Viewed by 2249
Abstract
Confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted lifestyles worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of confinement on anxiety symptoms and sleep quality in people living in extreme southern latitudes. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Pittsburgh [...] Read more.
Confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted lifestyles worldwide. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of confinement on anxiety symptoms and sleep quality in people living in extreme southern latitudes. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were administered to 617 people, 74.2% of whom were women. The sample was grouped according to confinement: the zone of confinement (CZ) (46.5%) and the zone of partial confinement (PZ) (53.5%). In addition, the sample was further categorized into four age subgroups (18–25 years; 26–40 years; 41–50 years; over 50 years). Higher levels of anxiety and worse sleep quality were found in the CZ group than in the PZ group. Women had higher levels of anxiety and worse sleep quality than men. A significant bidirectional relationship between anxiety and sleep quality was observed, even after controlling for sex. This study demonstrated that women and young adults were more vulnerable to the effects of confinement on anxiety symptoms and sleep quality in populations at southern latitudes. Full article
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8 pages, 594 KiB  
Article
Motivational Orientation in University Athletes: Predictions Based on Emotional Intelligence
by Isabel Mercader-Rubio, Nieves Gutiérrez Ángel, Antonio Granero-Gallegos, Nieves Fátima Oropesa Ruiz and Pilar Sánchez-López
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100397 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1886
Abstract
While in task orientation, athletes tend to compare themselves to others in order to evaluate their success, in ego orientation athletes have the ability to distinguish between effort and ability and the comparison is made with others in order to evaluate success. The [...] Read more.
While in task orientation, athletes tend to compare themselves to others in order to evaluate their success, in ego orientation athletes have the ability to distinguish between effort and ability and the comparison is made with others in order to evaluate success. The purpose of this study was to inspect the relationship concerning the three dimensions of emotional intelligence (attention, clarity, and emotional regulation) and the two predominant motivational orientations: task-oriented motivation and ego-oriented motivation. The sample was composed of a total of 165 university students from studies within the field of sciences related to sport and physical activity. The main contributions of this research demonstrate the correspondence between emotional intelligence and ego-orientation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behaviors That Affect the Learning Process in High School and University)
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27 pages, 4648 KiB  
Article
“A Streetcar Named Instagram Desire”: Evolutionary Psychological Perspectives on the Multifarious Human Desires That Shape Instagram Selfie-and-Groupfie Cultures
by S. Venus Jin and Ehri Ryu
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100396 - 17 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3530
Abstract
Instagram not only offers an arena for the fulfillment of basic human desires but also cultivates new types of multifaceted desires and consumptions in Web 2.0 environments. This study aims to examine a wide variety of dispositional, psychological, and attitudinal predictors of Instagram [...] Read more.
Instagram not only offers an arena for the fulfillment of basic human desires but also cultivates new types of multifaceted desires and consumptions in Web 2.0 environments. This study aims to examine a wide variety of dispositional, psychological, and attitudinal predictors of Instagram consumption and selfie-and-groupfie cultures. Three cross-sectional surveys (Study 1 (N = 108); Study 2 (N = 140); Study 3 (N = 557)) were conducted, and empirical data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with Mplus 8.0. Study 1 shows associations among appearance-related self-confidence, appearance-related actual–ideal self-discrepancy, materialism, and Instagram consumption. Study 2 confirms relationships among weight status perception, self-esteem, eating disorder, malicious envy, and Instagram consumption intensity. Study 3 further demonstrates dynamic associations among eating disorders, perceived mate value, narcissistic grandiosity, envy, social comparison, intrasexual competition for mates, and frequency of posting selfies/groupfies on Instagram. Theoretical contributions to the psychosocial and human aspects of the Web 2.0 digital culture, managerial implications for online dating cultures, and practical implications for consumption markets including social media-based health communication, cultural communication, and marketing communication are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Frontiers in Cyberpsychology: The Influences of Internet and Online Applications in Daily Life)
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11 pages, 1136 KiB  
Article
Motivations and Specialization of Birders Are Differently Related to Engagement in Citizen Science Projects of Different Complexity
by Christoph Randler
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100395 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2029
Abstract
Citizen Science (CS) projects are an important aspect of scientific data collection and biodiversity conservation. In ornithology, various CS projects exist, and even laypersons can contribute, but advanced birdwatchers also spend considerable time and effort in data collection. Here, different CS projects for [...] Read more.
Citizen Science (CS) projects are an important aspect of scientific data collection and biodiversity conservation. In ornithology, various CS projects exist, and even laypersons can contribute, but advanced birdwatchers also spend considerable time and effort in data collection. Here, different CS projects for birders were analyzed and compared with respect to recreation specialization and motivations for birdwatching. Established, psychometrically valid, and reliable scales were applied in this study. N = 2856 respondents from Austria, Germany, and Switzerland were grouped into no, low, and sustained engagement clusters. Sustained engagement was related to more complex programs, such as the breeding bird census and waterfowl counting. When comparing the engagement clusters, effect sizes were considerable, ranging from 0.098 (attraction) to 0.306 (skill/knowledge). Thus, birders of the three engagement clusters differed significantly in birding specialization, especially skill/knowledge, psychological commitment, social motivations, and the psychological construct centrality to lifestyle. No differences were found in enjoyment and achievement motivations. In conclusion, low-threshold projects are needed to attract participants, but keeping people within programs or moving them to a higher level of engagement might be easier when social dimensions are addressed. Full article
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20 pages, 2831 KiB  
Article
Assessing Teaching Effectiveness in Blended Learning Methodologies: Validity and Reliability of an Instrument with Behavioral Anchored Rating Scales
by Luis Matosas-López and Elena Cuevas-Molano
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100394 - 16 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3578
Abstract
The evaluation of teaching effectiveness in blended learning methodologies is usually carried out using Likert-type questionnaires; however, instruments with Behavioral Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) are sometimes employed for this purpose. This paper examines the validity and reliability of an instrument with BARS designed [...] Read more.
The evaluation of teaching effectiveness in blended learning methodologies is usually carried out using Likert-type questionnaires; however, instruments with Behavioral Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) are sometimes employed for this purpose. This paper examines the validity and reliability of an instrument with BARS designed to assess teaching effectiveness in blended learning environments, within the university setting. The research involves a sample of 1436 students from a medium size university in Spain. Using this sample (n = 1436), the authors carry out a psychometric study that consists of four phases: (1) comprehension validity analysis, (2) construct validity analysis, (3) confirmation of construct validity, and (4) analysis of the instrument reliability. The findings provide satisfactory values for all the parameters analyzed (for instance: Variance explained = 77.61%; RMSEA = 0.042; or Cronbach’s alpha = 0.956), indicating that the BARS instrument examined is perfectly valid and reliable for the appraisal of teaching effectiveness in blended learning methodologies. The authors conclude that this paper fills an important gap in the literature by presenting an instrument that, thanks to the use of behavioral scales, facilitates this task in the university context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Methodologies in the Educational Context: Psychological and Behavioral Aspects)
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14 pages, 636 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Health and Well-Being of Migrant Populations in Europe: An Equity-Focused Scoping Review
by Violeta Alarcão, Ana Virgolino, Miodraga Stefanovska-Petkovska and Júlia Neves
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100393 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2690
Abstract
The pandemic is aggravating health inequalities, particularly mental health inequalities, while revealing the social determinants of these inequalities, including migration as a social determinant that mediates the interaction of social, economic, cultural, institutional, and structural factors with health indicators. Therefore, it is of [...] Read more.
The pandemic is aggravating health inequalities, particularly mental health inequalities, while revealing the social determinants of these inequalities, including migration as a social determinant that mediates the interaction of social, economic, cultural, institutional, and structural factors with health indicators. Therefore, it is of most relevance to identify the multiple interconnected factors that influence the mental health and well-being of migrant populations. A scoping review was developed to map the research performed in this area and to identify any gaps in knowledge, following the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. MEDLINE, Scopus, and WHO Global Health research databases on COVID-19 were searched from January 2020 to October 2021. The review followed the inclusion criteria Population/Concept/Context (PCC): Population-Adult International migrants (including refugees, asylum seekers, and undocumented migrants); Concept-determinants of (and factors influencing) mental health and well-being; Context-COVID-19 anywhere in the world. Of the sixty-five selected studies, eleven were from European countries and were the focus of this review with special attention to health inequalities experienced by migrants in Europe. The results cover a diversity of themes related to the effects of COVID-19 on the mental health of migrants (country-level environmental factors, social determinants of mental health, mental health indicators and outcomes), responses (such as solidarity and resilience), populations, and study methods. The evidence found can inform recommendations and interventions focused on health promotion and mitigation of the inequalities accentuated by the pandemic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Intersection of COVID-19 and Mental Health among Vulnerable Populations)
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13 pages, 7774 KiB  
Article
The Co-Construction of an Elegant Ending—Polyphonic Musical Intervention in Palliative Care: A Case Study
by Raffaele Schiavo
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100392 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2739
Abstract
The complexity of creative processes, within which human nature pines and finds itself, reflects a state of relational emergency. The weak structure of our multicultural system gives us a series of behavioral flaws, denouncing our inability to welcome diversity and treasure it. In [...] Read more.
The complexity of creative processes, within which human nature pines and finds itself, reflects a state of relational emergency. The weak structure of our multicultural system gives us a series of behavioral flaws, denouncing our inability to welcome diversity and treasure it. In the search for the way out, using the metaphor of polyphony is increasingly frequent. However, since the term Polyphony is borrowed from musical language, it would be necessary to experience it concretely, and this usually does not happen. Those musicians who aspire to be artists in helping relationships should constantly train themselves in this sense and force themselves to make their ability understood externally, helping those who for reasons of life find themselves experiencing the limit. The field of palliative care is probably the most suitable socio-cultural setting for getting in touch with the personal (mis)interpretations, idiosyncrasies, and pain of those who feel close to the end. To their aid, the aesthetic criterion advances. Making sacred the unifying experience of loss and finiteness turns into an educational process moreover therapeutic, in the co-construction of an elegant “finale” able to reach the heart and intelligence of those who remain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Healthy Even through Cancer—What Are the Assumptions and Outcomes for Psychological Intervention)
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14 pages, 287 KiB  
Article
Risk Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes during the Post-Quarantine Period of the COVID-19 in Saudi Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Soukaina Ennaceur
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100391 - 14 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1634
Abstract
Background: The present study aims to evaluate the mental health symptoms in the Saudi population during the COVID-19 post-quarantine period and to identify the risk factors associated with the severity of the symptoms. Methods: Anxiety was measured with the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder [...] Read more.
Background: The present study aims to evaluate the mental health symptoms in the Saudi population during the COVID-19 post-quarantine period and to identify the risk factors associated with the severity of the symptoms. Methods: Anxiety was measured with the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire, depression with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, insomnia with the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and distress with the 22-item Impact Event Scale-Revised questionnaire. Results: A total of 885 respondents answered the online questionnaires. The majority were women (72.8%), married (67.4%), have children (59.3%), and with high education levels (93.2%). The results showed that a high number of the respondents experienced mild to severe symptoms of anxiety (533; 60.3%), depression (659; 47.5%), insomnia (510; 57.6%), and distress (645; 72.9%). The multivariable logistic analysis demonstrated severe anxiety and insomnia among women (OR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.07–1.98; p < 0.001 and OR = 2.00; 95% CI 1.78–2.35; p = 0.002); severe depression among those under 35 (OR = 2.06; 95% CI 1.97–2.44; p = 0.001; and severe distress among non-Saudi respondents (OR = 1.71; 95% CI 1.09–1.93; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results might help in establishing precautionary measures for protecting the mental health of the general population during pandemics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
18 pages, 573 KiB  
Article
Chinese University English Teachers’ Professional Learning through Academic Reading on Social Media—A Mixed-Methods Approach
by Suhe Ji, Xiaoqing Qin and Ke Li
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100390 - 12 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2772
Abstract
Teachers’ professional learning on social media has received growing attention recently, but research into teachers’ academic engagement on social media remains limited. This study aimed to examine what factors motivated university English teachers to engage with academic reading on social media. The determinants [...] Read more.
Teachers’ professional learning on social media has received growing attention recently, but research into teachers’ academic engagement on social media remains limited. This study aimed to examine what factors motivated university English teachers to engage with academic reading on social media. The determinants of academic reading on social media were identified by semi-structured interviews, which were further validated by quantitative investigation. The results showed that participants’ perception of values of content knowledge, pedagogical content knowledge, and students’ participation in the classroom affected their intentions toward commitment to academic reading on social media. Additionally, the results revealed that perceived value of pedagogical content knowledge mediated the relationship between perceived value of content knowledge and participants’ intentions toward academic reading on social media while also mediating the relationship between perceived value of students’ participation in the classroom and the participants’ intentions toward academic reading on social media. These findings yield implications for the professional development of university teachers and the development of pedagogical content knowledge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Methodologies in the Educational Context: Psychological and Behavioral Aspects)
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16 pages, 1107 KiB  
Review
Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback in Cancer Patients: A Scoping Review
by Gea Elena Spada, Marianna Masiero, Silvia Francesca Maria Pizzoli and Gabriella Pravettoni
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100389 - 11 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3808
Abstract
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Biofeedback (BFB) has been shown to improve autonomic balance and wellbeing in chronic diseases. As cardiac variability represents an index of cognitive and emotional regulation, HRV-BFB has been shown to lead to improvements in physiological and psychological adaptability and [...] Read more.
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) Biofeedback (BFB) has been shown to improve autonomic balance and wellbeing in chronic diseases. As cardiac variability represents an index of cognitive and emotional regulation, HRV-BFB has been shown to lead to improvements in physiological and psychological adaptability and quality of life. However, knowledge of HRV-BFB in cancer patients is lacking, and available results are diversified according to methods and outcomes. The present paper undertakes a scoping review, exploring the use of HRV-BFB to modulate autonomic balance, cancer symptom management, and quality of life in cancer. This scoping review analyzes empirical evidence considering study designs, BFB methods, and psychophysiological outcomes. Research that focused on HRV-BFB effects in cancer patients was selected (79%). In addition, a systematic review and meta-analysis (31%) focusing on HRV, or BFB in chronic conditions, including cancer, were considered. The studies examined BFB treatment for thyroid, lung, brain or colon cancer, hematologic cancer, and survivors or terminal cancer patients. Retrieved studies reported physiological and psychological indices as primary outcomes: they included HRV values, sleep, pain, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Although the heterogeneity of publications makes it difficult to generalize the effectiveness of HRV-BFB, the training has been proven to improve cancer symptoms and well-being. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding the Experiences of Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Interventions for Chronic Illnesses)
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21 pages, 4070 KiB  
Article
Public Space Behaviors and Intentions: The Role of Gender through the Window of Culture, Case of Kerman
by Aida Jalalkamali and Naciye Doratli
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100388 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4917
Abstract
Urban public spaces are the spatial nexus of social interactions, activities, and expressions. Society manifests itself within these spaces through different lenses such as cultures and norms. The framework and restrictions related to gender-based behavior play a central role in the discourse about [...] Read more.
Urban public spaces are the spatial nexus of social interactions, activities, and expressions. Society manifests itself within these spaces through different lenses such as cultures and norms. The framework and restrictions related to gender-based behavior play a central role in the discourse about inclusivity and equity in urban public spaces when viewed through these lenses. There is, however, a gap in the literature that addresses how culture and gender influence public space behaviors and intentions within a traditional and modern cultural framework. The current study tests whether culture correlates with public space behavior on a neighborhood scale. A comparative study was conducted between two distinct neighborhoods in the city of Kerman, Iran. The two cases were selected due to their significant differences in how women use and interact with urban space. The effects of gender differences and perceived constraints on how residents manifest their behavior in public spaces were investigated. The study further investigated whether gender has a significant relationship with the level of appropriateness of certain public space behaviors and the intention to pursue them. The findings indicate significant cultural differences in both behavioral practice and behavioral intentions among the respondents. Furthermore, in traditional neighborhoods, the findings support significant gender-dependent differences in public space behavior, even though this gap is not apparent regarding intentions toward public space behaviors. The findings show a significantly greater disparity between traditional and modern districts in women’s perceived behavioral restrictions on personal expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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12 pages, 273 KiB  
Article
Home Away from Home: Comparing Factors Impacting Migrants’ and Italians Sense of Psychological Home
by Andrew P. Camilleri, Joseph R. Ferrari, Vittoria Romoli, Paola Cardinali and Laura Migliorini
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100387 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1667
Abstract
Psychological home is an understudied concept within community psychology, especially focused on migrants. Previous literature on psychological home found a positive relationship with well-being and resilience in general populations and migrants. Studying psychological home in migrants may provide important tools to buffer various [...] Read more.
Psychological home is an understudied concept within community psychology, especially focused on migrants. Previous literature on psychological home found a positive relationship with well-being and resilience in general populations and migrants. Studying psychological home in migrants may provide important tools to buffer various stresses associated with migration. The present study explored the relationship between psychological home and demographic factors, including dwelling type and situation between migrants (n = 132) and Italian citizens’ population (n = 76). Results offer theoretical reasons explaining the differences in the meaning of home between migrant and non-immigrant populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Home, Transitions and Well-Being)
11 pages, 1194 KiB  
Article
An Exploratory Study about the Characterization of Caffeine Consumption in a Portuguese Sample
by Patrícia Batista, João Peixoto and Patrícia Oliveira-Silva
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100386 - 9 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3780
Abstract
Caffeine is one of the most used psychoactive substances worldwide, with an impact in multiple spheres (individual, social, and economic). In addition, there is evidence of the physiological, cognitive, and emotional effects after consumption. This study aimed to examine caffeine consumption in a [...] Read more.
Caffeine is one of the most used psychoactive substances worldwide, with an impact in multiple spheres (individual, social, and economic). In addition, there is evidence of the physiological, cognitive, and emotional effects after consumption. This study aimed to examine caffeine consumption in a Portuguese sample by characterizing and understanding the pattern of consumption and the reasons for it. The sample was composed of 208 subjects recruited through the university’s social media channels to answer an online questionnaire between April and June 2020. The results showed a higher consumption in males and the group of subjects aged between 31 and 35 years. The coffee “express” is the most consumed source of caffeine in this Portuguese sample (70.2%). The data showed that improvement in alertness and the taste of products with caffeine were the main reasons for consuming caffeinated products. In conclusion, this study calls attention to the characterization of caffeine consumption to understand the need for such consumption and its effects on body functions and health. It is important to highlight the potential benefit of caffeine consumption due to its impact on the quality of life and health since this substance has effects not only on physical and mental health but also on social well-being. Full article
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16 pages, 462 KiB  
Article
Deriving Information on Play and Playfulness of 3–5-Year-Olds from Short Written Descriptions: Analyzing the Frequency of Usage of Indicators of Playfulness and Their Associations with Maternal Playfulness
by Nancy Tandler and René T. Proyer
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100385 - 8 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2137
Abstract
Playfulness is an individual differences variable that enables people to (re-)frame almost any situation into an entertaining, amusing, intellectually stimulating and/or personally interesting situation by interacting playfully with others, by resolving tension, by liking complexity over simplicity and/or by having a preference for [...] Read more.
Playfulness is an individual differences variable that enables people to (re-)frame almost any situation into an entertaining, amusing, intellectually stimulating and/or personally interesting situation by interacting playfully with others, by resolving tension, by liking complexity over simplicity and/or by having a preference for unusual topics, persons and/or activities. We asked 208 German-speaking mothers of 3–5-year-olds to describe their child in 5–10 sentences. Using a list of criteria for playfulness (e.g., actively initiating humor, playful exchange with others or widespread interests), we found that mothers used, on average, two playful characteristics to describe their child (17% did not report any). Greater usage of playful descriptors in the written texts was positively related mainly to greater other-directed and intellectual playfulness of the mothers. The findings are encouraging and suggest that the list of playful criteria in descriptions of children could be used in the study of inter-individual differences in playfulness in young children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Positive Humor: New Insights and Perspectives)
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12 pages, 684 KiB  
Article
Why So Serious? An Attempt to Mitigate the Short-Term Harmful Effects of the Film Joker on Prejudice toward People with Mental Illness
by John William Poulgrain, Niquaila May Bremner, Hannah Zimmerman, Chia-Wei Jao, Taylor Winter, Benjamin Charles Riordan, Boris Bizumic, John Hunter and Damian Scarf
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100384 - 7 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4918
Abstract
The media perpetuates many harmful stereotypes about people with mental illness. In two studies, we demonstrate the impact of negative media portrayals of mental illness on prejudice and attempt to mitigate these negative effects. Specifically, in Study 1, participants watched the movie Joker [...] Read more.
The media perpetuates many harmful stereotypes about people with mental illness. In two studies, we demonstrate the impact of negative media portrayals of mental illness on prejudice and attempt to mitigate these negative effects. Specifically, in Study 1, participants watched the movie Joker, a recent film which associates mental illness with violent behavior, or a control film (Terminator). Participants completed the Prejudice towards People with Mental Illness (PPMI) scale before and after viewing their respective films. The PPMI consists of four dimensions: fear/avoidance (i.e., wanting to avoid people with mental illness), malevolence (i.e., viewing people with mental illness as inferior), authoritarianism (i.e., preference for control over people with mental illness), and unpredictability (i.e., the behavior of people with mental illness is unreliable). We hypothesized that participants who watched the film Joker would display an increase in their fear/avoidance of people with mental illness and their support for authoritarian approaches to their treatment. Consistent with these hypotheses, participants who viewed Joker displayed a significant increase in the fear/avoidance and authoritarian subscales of the PPMI, relative to participants that watched Terminator. In Study 2, in an attempt to mitigate the impact of Joker on prejudice towards people with mental illness, directly after the film we displayed educational and counter-stereotypical statements on-screen that challenged the view that people with mental illness are violent. A control group viewed Joker without these statements. Identical to Study 1, all participants completed the PPMI scale before and after viewing the film. We hypothesized that participants who viewed Joker with the statements would display lower prejudice relative to the control condition. Unfortunately, participants in the experimental and control conditions displayed a comparable increase in prejudice. Together, these studies confirm the negative effect of media portrayals of mental illness (as depicted in Joker) and demonstrate that these effects are not easily mitigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)
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11 pages, 621 KiB  
Article
Resilience and Self-Esteem Mediated Associations between Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and Aggression in Chinese College Students
by Chen Chen, Juan Jiang, Shengkai Ji and Ying Hai
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100383 - 7 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2145
Abstract
Although associations between physical or sexual abuse and aggression have been mainly explored, relationships and pathways between childhood emotional maltreatment and aggression need further exploration, particularly in the Chinese cultural context. This study aimed to explore the associations between childhood emotional maltreatment and [...] Read more.
Although associations between physical or sexual abuse and aggression have been mainly explored, relationships and pathways between childhood emotional maltreatment and aggression need further exploration, particularly in the Chinese cultural context. This study aimed to explore the associations between childhood emotional maltreatment and aggression and to examine the mediating effects of resilience and self-esteem on those associations. Data were obtained from a convenience sampling of 809 (aged 17–23) college students from three Chinese universities in December 2021, which was approved by the ethics committee of Beijing Normal University, China. All participants completed measures of childhood emotional maltreatment, aggression, resilience, and self-esteem. The results showed that childhood emotional maltreatment was positively associated with aggression (r = 0.41, p < 0.01), and it was negatively associated with resilience (r = −0.56, p < 0.01) and self-esteem (r = −0.10, p < 0.01). Regarding the mediation processes, resilience and self-esteem partially mediated the relationships between childhood emotional maltreatment and aggression. These findings underscore the importance of enhancing levels of resilience and self-esteem in interventions designed to reduce aggression of college students who were emotionally maltreated in childhood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Psychology)
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6 pages, 213 KiB  
Case Report
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges of Comorbid ASD, ADHD and Psychosis: A Case Report
by Veronica Scarselli, Melania Martucci, Maria Novelli, Serena Galosi, Maria Romani and Carla Sogos
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100382 - 6 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3052
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity is common in clinical practice and it seems to be related to shared etiological mechanisms and genetic susceptibility. Moreover, occurrence of psychosis can further complicate these complex clinical pictures. Here, we discuss [...] Read more.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbidity is common in clinical practice and it seems to be related to shared etiological mechanisms and genetic susceptibility. Moreover, occurrence of psychosis can further complicate these complex clinical pictures. Here, we discuss the case of a nine-years-old boy presenting with an episode of abnormal sustained posture of the upper limbs, resembling dystonia, at the age of 3. At this time, auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as obsessive thoughts and attentional lability were also present and a diagnosis of “Early onset psychosis” was initially made. Due to the worsening of clinical picture, several hospitalizations were necessary and pharmacological treatment with carbamazepine, risperidone and aripiprazole was carried out. Extensive clinic evaluation revealed a past medical and personal history of toe walking, weak social skills and stereotyped behavior observed and ADOS-2 Module 2 administration revealed severe Autism scores. Moreover, signs of attention and hyperactivity were consistent with ADHD diagnosis. This work highlights the importance of a complete diagnostic assessment in patients with complex presentation, suggesting the possible overlap diagnosis of ADHD and Autism even in presence of psychotic-like symptoms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Actual Debate on Comorbidity between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children)
45 pages, 6977 KiB  
Article
Pre-Molecular Assessment of Self-Processes in Neurotypical Subjects Using a Single Cognitive Behavioral Intervention Evoking Autobiographical Memory
by Jorge Emanuel Martins, Joana Simões, Marlene Barros and Mário Simões
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100381 - 5 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2129
Abstract
In the last 20 years, several contributions have been published on what concerns the conceptual and empirical connections between self-processes. However, only a limited number of publications addressed the viability of those processes to characterize mental health in neurotypical subjects with a normative [...] Read more.
In the last 20 years, several contributions have been published on what concerns the conceptual and empirical connections between self-processes. However, only a limited number of publications addressed the viability of those processes to characterize mental health in neurotypical subjects with a normative pattern of neurodevelopment. Furthermore, even fewer experiments focused explicitly on the complexity of studying neurotypical phenomenal data. On the one hand, this normative pattern is commonly associated with mental health and a multifaceted self-concept and well-being. On the other hand, well-being is often related to a healthy cognitive life. However, how such intricate and complex relation between self-processes is established in neurotypical subjects requires further evidence. The novelty of this work is thus studying the first-person experience, which is correlated with the mental events aroused by a cognitive behavioral intervention. The prior methodology that led to the complete characterization of a neurotypical sample was already published by the authors, although the materials, the methods, the sample screening, and the sample size study required further explanation and exploration. This paper’s innovation is hence the phenomenological assessment of subjects’ self-regulation, which is used for mental health profiling, providing the basis for subsequent molecular typing. For that matter, a convenience sample of 128 (19–25-year-old) neurotypical young adults, healthy university students at the University of Lisbon, non-medicated and with no serious, uncontrolled, or chronic diseases, are characterized according to their cognitive functioning and self-concept. The procedure comprised (i) a mental status examination (psychological assessment) and (ii) a psychological intervention, i.e., a single cognitive behavioral intervention (intervention protocol). The psychological assessment was a standardized and structured clinical interview, which comprised the use of 4 psychological scales complementary to the classical Mental Status Examination (MSE). The intervention protocol applied a combined exercise of psychophysical training and autobiographical-self memory-recalling. The results permitted identifying and isolating four different subgroups (self awareness, self consciousness, reflective self, and pre-reflective self) in neurotypical subjects with discrete self-processes. The outcome of this study is screening four different aspects of self-reflection and the isolation between various forms of self-directed attention and their interconnections in these four mental health strata. The practical implication of this study is to fulfill an a priori pre-molecular assessment of self-regulation with separate cognitive characteristics. The reliability of these mental strata, their distinct neurophysiology, and discrete molecular fingerprint will be tested in a future publication by in silico characterization, total protein profiling, and simultaneous immunodetection of the neuropeptide and neuroimmune response of the same participants. Full article
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11 pages, 582 KiB  
Article
People Cheat on Task Performance When They Feel Bored: The Mediating Role of State Self-Efficacy
by Chun Feng, Chuanjun Liu and Min Zhong
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100380 - 3 Oct 2022
Viewed by 2140
Abstract
It is unclear whether the state of boredom is related to morality. The present study investigated how state boredom influenced cheating behaviors on task performance. In Study 1 (N = 104), participants were induced to feel bored, and then reported whether they [...] Read more.
It is unclear whether the state of boredom is related to morality. The present study investigated how state boredom influenced cheating behaviors on task performance. In Study 1 (N = 104), participants were induced to feel bored, and then reported whether they had finished an anagram task (two sentences in the task were unsolvable). The results found that people with higher boredom showed more cheating behaviors than those with lower boredom on task performance. In Study 2 (N = 139), participants completed the Multidimensional State Boredom Scale, and then completed the same anagram task as in Study 1, as well as a state self-efficacy scale. The results revealed that state self-efficacy mediated the effect of state boredom on cheating behaviors on task performance. In other words, a higher level of state boredom leads to a lower level of state self-efficacy, and the lower state self-efficacy then results in more cheating behaviors. The present study provides empirical evidence that state boredom has its moral function through state self-efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Picturing Morality from Multidisciplinary Perspectives)
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13 pages, 1827 KiB  
Article
When Does Group Efficacy Deteriorate Group Performance? Implications of Group Competency
by Haesang Park and Sooyoung Shin
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100379 - 2 Oct 2022
Viewed by 2237
Abstract
While the social cognitive theory suggests that a group’s efficacy belief enhances its performance, emerging evidence indicates that this relationship is more complex than it appears to be. This study explores the boundary conditions of this relationship using the data of 389 employees [...] Read more.
While the social cognitive theory suggests that a group’s efficacy belief enhances its performance, emerging evidence indicates that this relationship is more complex than it appears to be. This study explores the boundary conditions of this relationship using the data of 389 employees from 41 work groups in a manufacturing company in South Korea. The results show that group efficacy is positively related to group performance and that this relationship is stronger when members are generally incompetent than competent. We also found that a bottleneck, which is operationalized as a group’s minimum competency, in an efficacious group is at least one condition that forms a negative relationship between group efficacy and its performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Personality and Individual Differences in Creative Potential and Production across the Life Span)
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13 pages, 1086 KiB  
Article
Development and Validation of a Health Behaviour Scale: Exploratory Factor Analysis on Data from a Multicentre Study in Female Primary Care Patients
by Ewelina Chawłowska, Rafał Staszewski, Paulina Jóźwiak, Agnieszka Lipiak and Agnieszka Zawiejska
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100378 - 2 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5975
Abstract
Health behaviours are the most important proximal determinants of health that can be either promoting or detrimental to the health of individuals. To assess and compare health behaviours in different socioeconomic groups within the population, a comprehensive, valid, reliable, and culturally appropriate measure [...] Read more.
Health behaviours are the most important proximal determinants of health that can be either promoting or detrimental to the health of individuals. To assess and compare health behaviours in different socioeconomic groups within the population, a comprehensive, valid, reliable, and culturally appropriate measure is needed. This study aimed to develop a health behaviour questionnaire and validate it in a sample of female patients over 45 years of age with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The development procedure encompassed the following stages: literature search and item generation, content validity testing (focus group and expert evaluation), and field testing. A preliminary 38-item Health Behaviour Scale (HBS) was developed and tested in a group of 487 female primary care patients over 45 years of age. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) yielded a four-factor structure. Factors jointly accounted for 47% of the variance observed. The results confirmed very good internal consistency of the questionnaire. The Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega coefficients for the entire scale were 0.82 and 0.84, respectively. The factor and item structure of the final 16-item HBS reflects the specificity of the studied sample. This measure can be a useful tool for primary care practitioners and public health researchers by helping them to develop interventions and strategies to reinforce health-promoting behaviours. Full article
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16 pages, 929 KiB  
Article
Paradoxical Leadership and Involvement in Creative Task via Creative Self-Efficacy: A Moderated Mediation Role of Task Complexity
by Ki Baek Jung, Seung-Wan Kang and Suk Bong Choi
Behav. Sci. 2022, 12(10), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12100377 - 2 Oct 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3418
Abstract
Modern organizational environments encounter serious competition and paradoxical situations. This study discusses the effect of paradoxical leadership on overcoming competitive and paradoxical situations happening in the Korean workplace. More specifically, it investigates the dynamic relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks [...] Read more.
Modern organizational environments encounter serious competition and paradoxical situations. This study discusses the effect of paradoxical leadership on overcoming competitive and paradoxical situations happening in the Korean workplace. More specifically, it investigates the dynamic relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks in a Korean context and examines whether creative self-efficacy positively mediates this relationship. Our research design addresses the moderating role and moderated mediating role of task complexity in the relationship between paradoxical leadership and the involvement in creative tasks via creative self-efficacy. The main hypotheses were tested by using a cross-sectional design and administering questionnaires to 268 employees working in Korean firms. Empirical analysis revealed that paradoxical leadership is positively related to involvement in creative tasks and creative self-efficacy and that creative self-efficacy positively mediated the relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks. Importantly, as the relationship between paradoxical leadership and creative self-efficacy depends on task complexity, the mediated relationship was effective under high task complexity. Uncovering the relationship between paradoxical leadership and involvement in creative tasks with the mediating role of creative self-efficacy and the moderated mediating role of task complexity can provide useful theoretical and managerial implications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)
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