From Waste to Resource: Evaluating Biomass Residues as Ozone-Catalyst Precursors for the Removal of Recalcitrant Water Pollutants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Preparation of Biochars (BCs) and Activated Carbons (ACs)
2.3. Characterization Techniques
2.4. Catalytic Ozonation Experiments
2.5. Analytical Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the Prepared Materials
3.2. Adsorption Experiments
3.3. Catalytic Ozonation
3.4. Comparative Cost Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. TGA and DTG Curves of Biomass Residues
Biomass Source | Volatile Matter (wt. % Dry Basis) | Fixed Carbon (wt. % Dry Basis) | Ash (wt. %) |
---|---|---|---|
Orange Peel (OP) | 99.7 | 0.3 | 0.6 |
Cork Waste (CK) | 93.2 | 0.0 | 6.8 |
Coffee Ground (CG) | 79.8 | 1.0 | 19.2 |
Almond Shell (AS) | 77.4 | 16.9 | 5.7 |
Peanut Shell (PS) | 92.8 | 0.1 | 7.1 |
Appendix B. Data Used for the Cost Analysis
Power Muffle | 6.1 | Kwatts |
Power Furnace | 4.8 | Kwatts |
Average Energy Price | 0.00672 | €/KWH |
Price N2 | 0.0025 | €/L |
Price CO2 | 0.0034 | €/L |
Carbon Materials | Drying Time (min) | Pyrolysis + Activation Time (min) | Cool-Down Time (min) | € Gases | Price Electricity € | Production Yield (%) | Output g/Batch | Cost/Batch (€/g) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCOP | 720 | 140 | 120 | 0.065 | 0.567 | 0.34 | 0.68 | 0.930 |
BCCK | 720 | 180 | 120 | 0.075 | 0.589 | 0.18 | 0.27 | 2.458 |
BCCG | 720 | 160 | 180 | 0.085 | 0.578 | 0.18 | 0.36 | 1.841 |
BCAS | 720 | 140 | 120 | 0.065 | 0.567 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 0.140 |
BCPS | 720 | 200 | 180 | 0.095 | 0.599 | 0.33 | 2.31 | 0.301 |
ACOP | 720 | 140 | 120 | 0.07 | 0.567 | 0.36 | 0.72 | 0.888 |
ACCK | 720 | 180 | 120 | 0.08 | 0.589 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.239 |
ACCG | 720 | 160 | 180 | 0.09 | 0.578 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 1.344 |
ACAS | 720 | 140 | 120 | 0.07 | 0.567 | 0.32 | 4.8 | 0.133 |
ACPS | 720 | 200 | 180 | 0.11 | 0.599 | 0.38 | 2.66 | 0.265 |
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Sample | SBET (m2g−1) | Smeso (m2g−1) | Vpores (p/p0 = 0.99) (cm3g−1) | Dp BJH (nm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
BCCK | <5 | <5 | 0.01 | 3.5 |
BCOP | 7 | 5 | 0.007 | 3.5 |
BCAS | 8 | 4 | 0.01 | 4.6 |
BCPS | <5 | <5 | 0.006 | 3.7 |
BCCG | 6 | <5 | 0.0001 | 3.6 |
ACCK | 114 | 30 | 0.13 | 3.7 |
ACOP | 6 | <5 | 0.01 | 3.5 |
ACAS | 8 | 6 | 0.01 | 3.6 |
ACPS | 53 | 8 | 0.04 | 4.5 |
ACCG | <5 | <5 | 0.03 | 3.6 |
Biomass Source | C [%] | H [%] | N [%] | S [%] | O [%] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orange Peel | Biochar | 79.3 ± 22.2 | 4.7 ± 1.3 | 1.53 ± 0.2 | 0.086 ± 0.03 | 20.47 ± 0.75 |
Activated Carbon | 70.8 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.07 | 1.5 ± 0.07 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 18.5 ± 0.5 | |
Cork Waste | Biochar | 74.35 ± 0.0 | 2.23 ± 0.0 | 1.43 ± 0.0 | 0.02 ± 0.6 | 9.041 ± 0.5 |
Activated Carbon | 81.8 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 0.06 | 1.72 ± 0.03 | 0 | 8.49 ± 0.47 | |
Coffee Ground | Biochar | 76.9 ± 0.41 | 3.3 ± 0.04 | 4.05 ± 0.06 | 0.033 ± 0.007 | 12.08 ± 0.13 |
Activated Carbon | 75.7 ± 0.81 | 3.33 ± 0.06 | 4.07 ± 0.07 | 0.011 ± 0.11 | 10.34 ± 0.21 | |
Almond Shell | Biochar | 77.07 ± 1.26 | 3.718 ± 0.06 | 0.01 ± 0.005 | 0 | 17.61 ± 1.32 |
Activated Carbon | 75.83 ± 0.88 | 3.937 ± 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0 | 20.21 ± 0.50 | |
Peanut Shell | Biochar | 81.24 ± 3.34 | 1.706 ± 0.062 | 2.59 ± 1.23 | 0.071 ± 0.013 | 14.34 ± 0.65 |
Activated Carbon | 72.44 ± 0.1 | 4.155 ± 0.044 | 1.91 ± 0.03 | 0.053 ± 0.016 | 11.5 ± 0.3 |
Adsorption | Catalytic Ozonation | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Biomass-Derived Carbon Material | Qe (mg/g) | Cost Ratio Adsorption (€ Adsorbent/mg OXL Removed) | % OXL Removed in 180 min | Cost Ratio Catalysis (€ Catalyst/% OXL Removed) |
BCOP | 39.82 | 0.023 | 21 | 0.04 |
BCCK | 0.63 | 3.90 | 41 | 0.06 |
BCCG | 1.33 | 1.38 | 34 | 0.05 |
BCAS | 14.62 | 0.0096 | 49.8 | 0.003 |
BCPS | 9.69 | 0.031 | 46.6 | 0.006 |
ACOP | 1.74 | 0.51 | 7 | 0.13 |
ACCK | 4.19 | 0.53 | 72 | 0.03 |
ACCG | 0.932 | 1.44 | 67.3 | 0.02 |
ACAS | 9.28 | 0.014 | 0 | n.d. |
ACPS | 3.14 | 0.084 | 32.2 | 0.008 |
Commercial Granular-Activated Carbon | 24 | 0.00525 | 63 | 0.002 |
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Graça, C.A.L.; Soares, O.S.G.P. From Waste to Resource: Evaluating Biomass Residues as Ozone-Catalyst Precursors for the Removal of Recalcitrant Water Pollutants. Environments 2024, 11, 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080172
Graça CAL, Soares OSGP. From Waste to Resource: Evaluating Biomass Residues as Ozone-Catalyst Precursors for the Removal of Recalcitrant Water Pollutants. Environments. 2024; 11(8):172. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080172
Chicago/Turabian StyleGraça, Cátia A. L., and Olívia Salomé Gonçalves Pinto Soares. 2024. "From Waste to Resource: Evaluating Biomass Residues as Ozone-Catalyst Precursors for the Removal of Recalcitrant Water Pollutants" Environments 11, no. 8: 172. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080172