Environments

22 pages, 5821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rehabilitation or Demolition of Small Hydropower Plants: Evaluation of the Environmental and Economic Sustainability of the Case Study “El Cerrajón”

by Eduardo Vázquez-López, Victor Matitos-Montoya and Madelyn Marrero

Environments 2024, 11(8), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080184 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 865

Abstract

During the 1950s, numerous small-capacity hydroelectric power plants were built in Spain. Seventy-five years on, it must now be decided whether to continue their operation or demolish them. In order to provide a valid answer, it is necessary to have access to decision-making [...] Read more.

During the 1950s, numerous small-capacity hydroelectric power plants were built in Spain. Seventy-five years on, it must now be decided whether to continue their operation or demolish them. In order to provide a valid answer, it is necessary to have access to decision-making tools that enable sustainable economic and environmental decision making. The present work proposes a methodology that employs an economic indicator of life cycle cost and environmental indicators of carbon footprint and embodied energy by means of life cycle data analysis. Quantification of the impacts was carried out with the support of construction cost databases and the PREDICE software tool for the quantification of environmental impacts incorporated into maintenance tasks. The case study of the “Cerrajón” power plant was analyzed, where historical hydrological cycles were considered. A life cycle scenario was evaluated in which renovation extended the life of the power plant by a further 75 years. The results show savings in environmental impacts with respect to the impacts of the Spanish energy mix of up to 175 kgCO₂ per MWh produced, although no economic benefit was found. It was also shown that in climate change scenarios, the profit price breakeven increases. Rehabilitation appears to present the best choice when combining the two criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Recycling Environmental Impact Materials on Energy Savings: Life-Cycle Assessment)

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17 pages, 3302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combination between Composting and Vermicomposting of OFMSW: A Sicilian Case Study

by Enrico Licitra, Maria Gabriella Giustra, Gaetano Di Bella and Antonio Messineo

Environments 2024, 11(8), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080183 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 780

Abstract

In nature, earthworms process enormous quantities of plant debris, ingesting and converting them into vermicast, the final product of their digestion process. Vermicast is widely recognized as an organic fertilizer suitable for plants, usually obtained from the transformation of animal manure. Indeed, controlled [...] Read more.

In nature, earthworms process enormous quantities of plant debris, ingesting and converting them into vermicast, the final product of their digestion process. Vermicast is widely recognized as an organic fertilizer suitable for plants, usually obtained from the transformation of animal manure. Indeed, controlled vermicomposting of the organic fraction from municipal solid waste (OFMSW) has yielded contradictory results, limiting the extension of laboratory results to larger-scale initiatives. This study aims to analyze a combined composting–vermicomposting process using Eisenia fetida (also known as Californian red worm) for the treatment of OFMSW (containing different impurities, such as heavy metals), mixed with a suitable substrate for earthworms, consisting of a blend of animal bedding and pre-selected food scraps (SOM—pre-selected organic material). Different fractions from a municipal composting plant were tested for the biological process: raw OFMSW, pre-composted (PC, organic matrix that has completed the thermophilic biodegradation phase), and compost (C). Laboratory tests involved five different applications with varying mixing proportions, partly aided by the addition of OM. The physical–chemical parameters (e.g., pH, temperature, moisture) and worm growth rate in the different treatments were measured and compared. The results showed that the process improved the quality of the final product, especially for the selected matrices, and revealed a significant reduction in the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (lower than 14 in all tests) when vermicomposting was applied to the mixed matrices and SOM. Worms increased during the process in net weight and growth rate, even if there was an accumulation of heavy metals in the “worm tea”. Worm mass reached a little over double the initial value in all tests (from 200 g to more than 500 g in the SOM test), except for an increase of only 87% in the OFMSW test, while heavy metal content in the solid matrix was reduced in all tests compared to the starting content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Remediation and Improvement through the Application of By-Product Amendments)

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18 pages, 360 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Agricultural Pesticides on Decline in Insect Species and Individual Numbers

by Peter Quandahor, Leesun Kim, Minju Kim, Keunpyo Lee, Francis Kusi and In-hong Jeong

Environments 2024, 11(8), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080182 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 3177

Abstract

As agricultural production increases, the use of chemical fertilisers, herbicides, and other synthetic pesticides has equally increased over the years. Inadequate pesticide application description and monitoring has generated a heated debate among governmental organisations, agricultural industries, and conservation organisations about pesticide effects on [...] Read more.

As agricultural production increases, the use of chemical fertilisers, herbicides, and other synthetic pesticides has equally increased over the years. Inadequate pesticide application description and monitoring has generated a heated debate among governmental organisations, agricultural industries, and conservation organisations about pesticide effects on insect species richness and abundance. This review is therefore aimed at summarizing the decline in insects’ species and individual numbers as a result of extensive pesticide utilisation and recommends possible management strategies for its mitigation. This review revealed an average pesticide application of 1.58 kg per ha per year, 0.37 kg per person per year, and 0.79 kg per USD 1000 per year. Insects have experienced a greater species abundance decline than birds, plants, and other organisms, which could pose a significant challenge to global ecosystem management. Although other factors such as urbanisation, deforestation, monoculture, and industrialisation may have contributed to the decline in insect species, the extensive application of agro-chemicals appears to cause the most serious threat. Therefore, the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly management strategies is critical for mitigating insect species’ decline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pesticide Contamination to Non-target Organisms, the Environment, and Agroecosystems)

11 pages, 2766 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Emerging Role of Environmental Cadmium Exposure in Prostate Cancer Progression

by Rama Saad, Mohamed Ali Hussein, Gnanasekar Munirathinam and André Kajdacsy-Balla

Environments 2024, 11(8), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080181 - 21 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 873

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with several adverse effects on the general population. While Cd is a well-established risk factor for some cancers, such as lung cancer, its impact on prostate cancer (PCa) is not well understood. PCa mortality is associated [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant with several adverse effects on the general population. While Cd is a well-established risk factor for some cancers, such as lung cancer, its impact on prostate cancer (PCa) is not well understood. PCa mortality is associated with its progression to metastatic spread. This underscores the importance of studying the environmental/or molecular factors that govern the progression from organ-confined tumors to widely metastatic disease. To date, most studies addressing the effects of Cd on PCa are focused on the incidence rather than the progression/outcome. Furthermore, most of these epidemiological studies are limited by the small number of samples and the fact that most of these studies measured Cd levels in the air, blood, or urine, which is less applicable for addressing associations in environmental exposure than the measurement of Cd concentrations in the prostate microenvironment. It is still unknown whether Cd is a driver or a consequence of PCa aggressiveness. Addressing the plausibility of causality requires using proper in vitro and in vivo models for sub-micromolar Cd doses that mimic environmental exposure. Most in vitro studies addressing the functional and molecular effects of Cd are limited by the exclusive use of aggressive PCa cell models and very high micromolar unbound Cd concentrations, which are irrelevant for environmental exposure. Significantly, few studies have addressed the effects of sub-micromolar Cd concentrations. Hence, we suggest using nanomolar concentration that resembles real-life exposure, using less aggressive in vitro models such as RWPE-2, employing 3D organoid culture systems, and adopting high throughput-omics techniques, including metallomics, and using transgenic animal models might represent a more effective model. Here, we focus on reports on the impact of Cd on the progression and aggressiveness of already-established PCa instead of on the initial steps of carcinogenesis. We suggest potential future directions for substantiating the plausible link between Cd exposure and PCa aggressiveness. Full article

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15 pages, 2155 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastic and Nanoplastic Particle Isolation from Liquid and Biological Samples via Mini-Extruder Filtration (MEF)

by Abigail Hall, Luis F. Cardona Polo, Kennedy Helms, Alexei Christodoulides and Nathan J. Alves

Environments 2024, 11(8), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080180 - 21 Aug 2024

Viewed by 987

Abstract

Microplastic pollution poses an increasing environmental and human health risk and additional techniques are needed to facilitate nondestructive, quantitative particle recovery and analysis. Using a mini-extruder filtration (MEF) device, the efficiency of pristine particle capture from solution and digested biological tissue (blood clots) [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution poses an increasing environmental and human health risk and additional techniques are needed to facilitate nondestructive, quantitative particle recovery and analysis. Using a mini-extruder filtration (MEF) device, the efficiency of pristine particle capture from solution and digested biological tissue (blood clots) was assessed. Polystyrene particles in both the submicron (100, 300, and 500 nm) and micron range (2, 5, 7, and 10 µm) with aminated, carboxylated, or unmodified surface modifications were explored. The MEF-isolated-particle recovery was analyzed pre- and postseparation isolation and quantified via a Nanosight LM10 particle tracking system (submicron particles) or hemacytometer (micron particles). Particles’ surface chemistry and concentration did not impact recovery compared to unfiltered samples with smaller particle sizes reducing recovery efficiency. Micron particle size recovery averaged 86.8 ± 4.3% across all surface chemistries at the same concentration; however, submicron particle recoveries varied by size and charge with 500 nm exhibiting recoveries of 80.6 ± 16.6%, 300 nm 73.0 ± 10.4%, and 100 nm particles 17.0 ± 10.3%. The mini-extruder device, used as a filtration recovery system, efficiently captures 10 to 0.5 µm particles from environmental and tissue samples making it an effective and low-cost platform facilitating the nondestructive capture of diverse microplastics for subsequent analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deployment of Green Technologies for Sustainable Environment III)

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13 pages, 1539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Response of Denitrification to Increasing Water Temperature and Nitrate Availability: The Case of a Large Lowland River (Po River, Northern Italy) under a Climate Change Scenario

by Maria Pia Gervasio, Giuseppe Castaldelli and Elisa Soana

Environments 2024, 11(8), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080179 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 662

Abstract

Water warming and nutrient pulses following extreme rainfall events, both consequences of climate change, may have a profound impact on the biogeochemical dynamics of large temperate rivers, such as the Po River (Northern Italy), affecting denitrification capacity and the delivery of N loads [...] Read more.

Water warming and nutrient pulses following extreme rainfall events, both consequences of climate change, may have a profound impact on the biogeochemical dynamics of large temperate rivers, such as the Po River (Northern Italy), affecting denitrification capacity and the delivery of N loads to terminal water bodies. Manipulative experiments on denitrification kinetics were carried out using dark laboratory incubations of intact sediment cores collected from the lower Po River. Denitrification was measured along temperature and NO₃⁻ concentration gradients using ¹⁵N additions, in summer and autumn, the two seasons when climate change-induced warming has been shown to be higher. The combination of increased temperatures and pulsed NO₃⁻-enhanced denitrification, suggesting that electron acceptor availability limits the process. The direct link between climate change-induced effects and the positive response of denitrification may have implications for the improvement of water quality in the coastal zone, as it may help to partially buffer N export, especially in summer, when the risk of eutrophication is higher. Further research is needed to investigate the quality and quantity of sediment organic matter as important drivers regulating river denitrification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrological Modeling and Sustainable Water Resources Management)

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15 pages, 1489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community Composition of Alpine Dung Beetles Is Mostly Driven by Temperature and Habitat Type

by Alex Laini, Angela Roggero, Mario Carlin, Claudia Palestrini and Antonio Rolando

Environments 2024, 11(8), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080178 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 802

Abstract

In alpine environments, open habitats alternate with wood to create a habitat mosaic that shapes insect community composition and diversity. Dung beetles are an important group of insects specialized in feeding on vertebrate dung whose availability also depends on habitat type. Although the [...] Read more.

In alpine environments, open habitats alternate with wood to create a habitat mosaic that shapes insect community composition and diversity. Dung beetles are an important group of insects specialized in feeding on vertebrate dung whose availability also depends on habitat type. Although the habitat preferences of dung beetles have been extensively studied, few studies have addressed the influence of habitat structure and temperature on dung beetle communities in alpine environments. We sampled dung beetles in pastures, at the edges between pasture and wood, in inner and outer woods of two alpine areas at different altitudes (two sites per area). We found that pastures had higher mean temperatures compared to other habitat types and hosted the highest number of species. However, the interaction between habitat and altitude significantly affected species richness and abundance, suggesting that habitat type and temperature modulate the response of dung beetles in the study area. Edges hosted intermediate communities between pastures and woodlands and were populated by both pasture and woodland specialists. Our results suggest that maintaining pastures is crucial to preserving dung beetle communities. Full article

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15 pages, 1352 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nickel and Soil Fertility: Review of Benefits to Environment and Food Security

by Alon Rabinovich, Rong Di, Sean Lindert and Joseph Heckman

Environments 2024, 11(8), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080177 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2349

Abstract

Nickel (Ni) is an essential micronutrient for plants, responsible for metabolizing urea nitrogen (urea-N) by urease and mitigating abiotic and oxidative stresses through the glyoxalase (Gly) and glutathione (GSH) cycles. However, excess Ni is toxic to flora at >100 mg kg⁻¹, [...] Read more.

Nickel (Ni) is an essential micronutrient for plants, responsible for metabolizing urea nitrogen (urea-N) by urease and mitigating abiotic and oxidative stresses through the glyoxalase (Gly) and glutathione (GSH) cycles. However, excess Ni is toxic to flora at >100 mg kg⁻¹, except for hyperaccumulators that tolerate >1000 mg kg⁻¹ Ni. This review discusses the benefits of Ni nutrient management for soil fertility, improving food security, and minimizing adverse environmental impacts from urea overapplication. Many farming soils are Ni deficient, suggesting that applying 0.05–5 kg ha⁻¹ of Ni improves yield and urea-N use efficiency. Applied foliar and soil Ni fertilizers decrease biotic stresses primarily by control of fungal diseases. The bioavailability of Ni is the limiting factor for urease synthesis in plants, animal guts, and the soil microbiome. Improved urease activity in plants and subsequently through feed in livestock guts reduces the release of nitrous oxide and nitrite pollutants. Fertilizer Ni applied to crops is dispersed in vegetative tissue since Ni is highly mobile in plants and is not accumulated in fruit or leafy tissues to cause health concerns for consumers. New methods for micronutrient delivery, including rhizophagy, recycled struvite, and nanoparticle fertilizers, can improve Ni bioavailability in farming systems. Full article

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21 pages, 9721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effectiveness of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Oils (WTPOs) as Rejuvenating Agents for Asphalt Materials

by Ahmed S. El-Ashwah and Magdy Abdelrahman

Environments 2024, 11(8), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080176 - 17 Aug 2024

Viewed by 992

Abstract

The continuous increase in solid waste materials, such as waste tires, underscores the critical importance of recycling them to mitigate environmental impact and promote sustainable resource management. This research study evaluated the effectiveness of utilizing waste tire pyrolysis oils (WTPOs) as recycling agents [...] Read more.

The continuous increase in solid waste materials, such as waste tires, underscores the critical importance of recycling them to mitigate environmental impact and promote sustainable resource management. This research study evaluated the effectiveness of utilizing waste tire pyrolysis oils (WTPOs) as recycling agents for asphalt materials. The chemical composition and thermal behavior of WTPO were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanically, the prepared WTPO binders were assessed by measuring dynamic viscosity and changes in high- and intermediate-temperature performance grades. Additionally, the cracking susceptibility of the binders was evaluated using the Glover-Rowe (G-R) parameter. The findings indicated that WTPOs might contain water and light aromatics in varying percentages, depending on the pyrolysis process. Incorporating WTPOs enhanced the workability of asphalt mixtures and ensured a high degree of blending between recycled/aged asphalt and raw binder. A 12% WTPO dosage was identified as the most effective for enhancing fatigue and low-temperature cracking resistance, facilitating improved interactions between the virgin binder and recycled asphalt materials. Finally, utilizing WTPOs as rejuvenating agents in pavement construction supports sustainable practices by recycling waste materials and significantly improving the performance and durability of asphalt mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deployment of Green Technologies for Sustainable Environment II)

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16 pages, 22092 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Site Suitability for a Sanitary Landfill Using GIS and Boolean Logic: The Case of the Regional Unit of Chalkidiki, Northern Greece

by Eleni Parastatidou, Konstantinos Voudouris and Nerantzis Kazakis

Environments 2024, 11(8), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080175 - 17 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1000

Abstract

This study deals with the determination of sites suitable for landfill in the Prefecture of Chalkidiki, North Greece, using Boolean logic and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Landfill siting is an arduous process as it combines environmental, social, and technical factors. Solid waste management [...] Read more.

This study deals with the determination of sites suitable for landfill in the Prefecture of Chalkidiki, North Greece, using Boolean logic and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Landfill siting is an arduous process as it combines environmental, social, and technical factors. Solid waste management is an urgent requirement in tourist sites worldwide. The Prefecture of Chalkidiki is considered a tourist area where volumes of generated waste increase in the summer. The Boolean logic approach was used in the study area to exclude areas not suitable for the establishment of a landfill site and to select areas that meet all the criteria. Nine criteria were selected to create the final map showing areas with the highest suitability for solid waste disposal. According to the Boolean logic method, suitable areas were given a value of one (1), while unsuitable areas were given a value of zero (0). According to the final thematic map of proposed sites, 12.7% of the study area is suitable for landfill construction. The suitable areas identified include pre-existing landfill sites, thus suggesting that the applied method has a high degree of reliability. Full article

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19 pages, 3320 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Microplastic Contamination in Commercially Important Bony Fish and Its Implications for Health

by Júlia Scarpa de Souza, Júlia Vianna de Pinho, Paloma de Almeida Rodrigues, Anita Corrêa de Melo, Ludmila Rosa Bergsten-Torralba and Carlos Adam Conte-Junior

Environments 2024, 11(8), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080174 - 16 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1059

Abstract

The increasing production of plastic products has raised concerns about environmental impacts related to microplastic formation, which harms ecosystems and human health. This systematic review aims to present the concentration of microplastics in commercially important bony fish and discuss the impacts on animal [...] Read more.

The increasing production of plastic products has raised concerns about environmental impacts related to microplastic formation, which harms ecosystems and human health. This systematic review aims to present the concentration of microplastics in commercially important bony fish and discuss the impacts on animal health and the possibility of these contaminants reaching the end consumer. The PICO methodology was used, and 517 articles were retrieved from four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus); after selecting articles that complement the research objective, 70 articles were used to compose this review. According to the results, line-shaped microplastics, polypropylene, and polystyrene polymers were the most frequently identified in the articles. Additionally, the effects of microplastics on animal health, including false satiety and physical injuries, as well as risks to human health, such as epithelial inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell contamination, were discussed. Understanding the concentration of microplastics in commercially important bony fish is necessary for protecting human health and maintaining the health of marine ecosystems. It is necessary to adopt legislative measures for proper plastic disposal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastics Pollution in Aquatic Environments)

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17 pages, 1301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Land-Use Intensity on Functional Community Composition and Nutrient Dynamics in Grassland

by Julia Walter, Ulrich Thumm and Carsten M. Buchmann

Environments 2024, 11(8), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080173 - 13 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1035

Abstract

Land-use intensity drives productivity and ecosystem functions in grassland. The effects of long-term land-use intensification on plant functional community composition and its direct and indirect linkages to processes of nutrient cycling are largely unknown. We manipulated mowing frequency and nitrogen inputs in an [...] Read more.

Land-use intensity drives productivity and ecosystem functions in grassland. The effects of long-term land-use intensification on plant functional community composition and its direct and indirect linkages to processes of nutrient cycling are largely unknown. We manipulated mowing frequency and nitrogen inputs in an experiment in temperate grassland over ten years. We assessed changes in species composition and calculated functional diversity (FDis) and community weighted mean (CWM) traits of specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and leaf and root nitrogen of the plant community, using species-specific trait values derived from databases. We assessed above- and belowground decomposition and soil respiration. Plant diversity strongly decreased with increasing land-use intensity. CWM leaf nitrogen and SLA decreased, while CWM LDMC increased with land-use intensification, which could be linked to an increased proportion of graminoid species. Belowground processes were largely unaffected by land-use intensity. Land use affected aboveground litter composition directly and indirectly via community composition. Mowing frequency, and not a land-use index combining mowing frequency and fertilization, explained most of the variation in litter decomposition. Our results show that land-use intensification not only reduces plant diversity, but that these changes also affect nutrient dynamics. Full article

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14 pages, 2641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Waste to Resource: Evaluating Biomass Residues as Ozone-Catalyst Precursors for the Removal of Recalcitrant Water Pollutants

by Cátia A. L. Graça and Olívia Salomé Gonçalves Pinto Soares

Environments 2024, 11(8), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080172 - 12 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1147

Abstract

Five different biomass wastes—orange peel, coffee grounds, cork, almond shell, and peanut shell—were transformed into biochars (BCs) or activated carbons (ACs) to serve as adsorbents and/or ozone catalysts for the removal of recalcitrant water treatment products. Oxalic acid (OXL) was used as a [...] Read more.

Five different biomass wastes—orange peel, coffee grounds, cork, almond shell, and peanut shell—were transformed into biochars (BCs) or activated carbons (ACs) to serve as adsorbents and/or ozone catalysts for the removal of recalcitrant water treatment products. Oxalic acid (OXL) was used as a model pollutant due to its known refractory character towards ozone. The obtained materials were characterized by different techniques, namely thermogravimetric analysis, specific surface area measurement by nitrogen adsorption, and elemental analysis. In adsorption experiments, BCs generally outperformed ACs, except for cork-derived materials. Orange peel BC revealed the highest adsorption capacity (Qe = 40 mg g⁻¹), while almond shell BC showed the best cost–benefit ratio at €0.0096 per mg of OXL adsorbed. In terms of catalytic ozonation, only ACs made from cork and coffee grounds presented significant catalytic activity, achieving pollutant removal rates of 72 and 64%, respectively. Among these materials, ACs made from coffee grounds reveal the best cost/benefit ratio with €0.02 per mg of OXL degraded. Despite the cost analysis showing that these materials are not the cheapest options, other aspects rather than the price alone must be considered in the decision-making process for implementation. This study highlights the promising role of biomass wastes as precursors for efficient and eco-friendly water treatment processes, whether as adsorbents following ozone water treatment or as catalysts in the ozonation reaction itself. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Micropollutants in Water)

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23 pages, 2147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reducing Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Ammonia Emissions from Stored Pig Slurry Using Bacillus-Biological Additives and Aeration

by Oumaima El bied, Martire Angélica Terrero Turbí, Melisa Gómez Garrido, Ángel Faz Cano and José Alberto Acosta

Environments 2024, 11(8), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080171 - 12 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1819

Abstract

This study delves into the innovative application of a novel bacterial and enzyme mixture alone or combined with aeration in mitigating emissions from pig slurry storage and explores their impacts on the methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and ammonia [...] Read more.

This study delves into the innovative application of a novel bacterial and enzyme mixture alone or combined with aeration in mitigating emissions from pig slurry storage and explores their impacts on the methane (CH₄), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and ammonia (NH₃) emissions from stored pig slurry. A dynamic chamber was used in this research to assess the efficacy of the treatments. Biological additives (HIPO-PURÍN) of specific microbial strains were tested (a mixture ofof Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefacien, and Bacillus thuringiensis) alone and combined with an aeration system (OXI-FUCH). Controlled experiments simulated storage conditions, where emissions of ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide were measured. By analyzing the results statistically, the treatment with HIPO-PURÍN demonstrated a significant reduction in CH₄ emissions by 67% and CO₂ emissions by 60% with the use of biological additives, which was increased to 99% and 87%, respectively, when combined with OXI-FUCH aeration, compared to untreated slurry. Ammonia emissions were substantially reduced by 90% with biological additives alone and by 76% when combined with aeration. The study was driven by the need to develop sustainable solutions for livestock waste management, particularly in reducing emissions from pig slurry. It introduces techniques that significantly lower greenhouse gases, aligning with circular economy goals and setting a new standard for sustainable agriculture. Furthermore, there is a need to validate that farmers can independently manage pig slurry using simple and effective treatments techniques with profound environmental benefits, encouraging broader adoption of climate-conscious practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies of Water and Wastewater Treatment)

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29 pages, 2881 KiB

Open AccessReview

Municipal Solid Waste Management in Laos: Comparative Analysis of Environmental Impact, Practices, and Technologies with ASEAN Regions and Japan

by Vongdala Noudeng, Dek Vimean Pheakdey, Tran Thi Ngoc Minh and Tran Dang Xuan

Environments 2024, 11(8), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080170 - 9 Aug 2024

Viewed by 3492

Abstract

Municipal solid waste management in developing countries faces limitations, especially concerning technologies for treatment and disposal, which is crucial for achieving environmental and economic sustainability goals. This paper investigates municipal solid waste management in Laos, compared with the ASEAN-Japan regions, focusing on background [...] Read more.

Municipal solid waste management in developing countries faces limitations, especially concerning technologies for treatment and disposal, which is crucial for achieving environmental and economic sustainability goals. This paper investigates municipal solid waste management in Laos, compared with the ASEAN-Japan regions, focusing on background information, waste characteristics, environmental impact, and treatment technologies for resource utilization. The findings indicate a continuous rise in municipal waste generation in Laos, particularly in the capital Vientiane, from 0.21 million tons in 2012 to 0.37 million tons in 2021. Treatment methods include unsanitary landfilling, basic recycling, and open dumping, as well as burning or discharge into rivers, posing potential risks to the environment and human health. Japan and Singapore have shown decreasing trends, with Japan reducing from 45.23 million tons in 2012 to 40.95 million tons in 2021 and Singapore from 7.27 million tons in 2021 to 6.94 million tons in 2021. Laos encounters challenges in managing municipal waste, especially in waste recovery and waste-to-energy practices, crucial elements of integrated solid waste management aimed at promoting environmental and economic sustainability. Enhancing waste management in Laos involves developing a waste management act with segregation, recycling, and extended producer responsibility policies. Implementing mechanical biological treatment facilities, waste-to-energy plants, and upgraded landfills is crucial. Capacity building and public awareness campaigns on waste management will improve sustainability, reduce environmental impacts, and advance sustainable development goals for sustainable cities and communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Waste Management and Recycling)

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17 pages, 4831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Impact Assessment of Volatile Organic Compound Emissions during Trenchless Cured-in-Place Pipe Installation

by Salar Bavilinezhad, Mohammad Najafi, Vinayak Kaushal, William Elledge and Burak Kaynak

Environments 2024, 11(8), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080169 - 7 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1100

Abstract

Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining is a widely adopted method for pipeline renewal, offering advantages such as rapid installation and cost-effectiveness. However, concerns regarding the environmental impacts of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions during the installation process have raised issues regarding the CIPP method. [...] Read more.

Cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining is a widely adopted method for pipeline renewal, offering advantages such as rapid installation and cost-effectiveness. However, concerns regarding the environmental impacts of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions during the installation process have raised issues regarding the CIPP method. The literature review conducted in this paper indicated the need for stringent monitoring and management practices to mitigate adverse effects, emphasizing the importance of safe installation protocols. This paper presents the initial results of a case study focusing on VOC emissions, specifically investigating non-styrene vinyl ester resins and water curing. To capture emissions from CIPP activities, the methodology involved air sampling using various equipment, including photoionization detectors (PID), summa canisters, passive worker sampler sorbent tubes, and method 13 cartridges. The preliminary findings indicate that non-styrene vinyl ester resins resulted in VOC emissions well below the exposure limits set by OSHA and USEPA, with the highest measured concentration being 2.54 ppm. This demonstrates that non-styrene resins can significantly reduce environmental and health risks. The future phases of this project will explore different resins and curing methods to further validate these findings and develop comprehensive guidelines for safe CIPP installations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Trends and Innovations in Environmental Impact Assessment)

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13 pages, 1438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental Radiological Impact and Risk Assessment of Natural Radioactivity at the Heap Leach Facility of Tarkwa Goldmine, Ghana: Radiotoxicity and Public Exposure

by Charles Kansaana, Lordford Tettey-Larbi, Augustine Faanu, Frederick Sam, Emmanuel Akrobortu, Emmanuel Akomaning-Adofo, Adriana Asare Ampene, Rita Kwabea Osei, Ruth Araba Tawiah Annan, Edit Tóth-Bodrogi, Tibor Kovács and Amin Shahrokhi

Environments 2024, 11(8), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080168 - 6 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1063

Abstract

In this study, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to determine the radioactivity levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) in heap pads/soil and water samples within and around the operational area of Tarkwa Gold Mine in Ghana. Gamma-ray spectrometry was used to determine [...] Read more.

In this study, a comprehensive investigation was conducted to determine the radioactivity levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) in heap pads/soil and water samples within and around the operational area of Tarkwa Gold Mine in Ghana. Gamma-ray spectrometry was used to determine the activity concentrations of ²³⁸U, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K in heap pads/soil, and ²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Th, and ⁴⁰K in water samples. The average activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Th in all water samples were below the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommended guidelines for drinking water. Similarly, the average activity concentrations of measured radionuclides in heap pads/soil samples taken from depths of 0–20 cm and 20–50 cm were found to be below the worldwide average reported values. The annual effective dose to the public was estimated to be around 0.16 mSv, which is below the recommended limit. The values of the hazard indices are also below the recommended limits, implying that if heap pads/soils are used for building purposes and construction, they will not pose any significant radiation hazard. The results of this study indicate that radiation levels are within the natural background radiation levels reported in the literature and are consistent with findings from similar studies conducted in Ghana. Full article

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13 pages, 1935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Air Quality Improvement Following the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Naples, Italy: A Comparative Analysis (2018–2022)

by Alessia Sannino, Riccardo Damiano, Salvatore Amoruso, Pasquale Castellano, Mariagrazia D’Emilio and Antonella Boselli

Environments 2024, 11(8), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080167 - 6 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

The pandemic lockdown of the year 2020 has been generally accompanied by an improvement in the air quality. Here, we report data on the effects of lockdown limitations on the air quality in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy) by following the evolution [...] Read more.

The pandemic lockdown of the year 2020 has been generally accompanied by an improvement in the air quality. Here, we report data on the effects of lockdown limitations on the air quality in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy) by following the evolution of main atmospheric pollutants over a five-year period and comparing their concentrations in the pandemic year 2020 with the previous (2018 and 2019) and following (2021 and 2022) two years. In particular, NO₂ and PM10 concentrations registered by representative air quality sampling station network and the columnar features of the aerosol characterized by a sun-photometer are considered. To avoid the possible influence of Saharan dust transport, which generally affects the observational area, the analysis has been limited to the days free from such events. Our findings evidence a tendency towards pre-pandemic conditions, notwithstanding some differences related to partial and temporary restrictions imposed even in the year 2021. For both near-surface NO₂ and PM, the observations confirm a significant reduction induced by the lockdown in 2020, besides the seasonal changes, and a gradual tendency towards more typical values in the following years. Also, the columnar aerosol data clearly highlight a gradual recovery of typical conditions in 2021 and 2022, confirming a peculiar effect of the pandemic lockdown of the year 2020 on the atmospheric aerosol characteristics that evidences a striking predominance of the fine component. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality, Health and Climate)

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17 pages, 3888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NOx Abatement by a TiO₂-Based Coating under Real-Life Conditions and Laboratory-Scale Durability Assessment

by Julie Hot, Clément Fériot, Emilie Lenard and Erick Ringot

Environments 2024, 11(8), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080166 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1155

Abstract

In urban environments, various pollutants generated by road traffic, human, and industrial activities degrade outdoor and indoor air quality. Among these pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx) are subject to air quality regulations designed to protect human health and the environment. It is therefore crucial [...] Read more.

In urban environments, various pollutants generated by road traffic, human, and industrial activities degrade outdoor and indoor air quality. Among these pollutants, nitrogen oxides (NOx) are subject to air quality regulations designed to protect human health and the environment. It is therefore crucial to keep their concentration as low as possible. Advanced oxidation processes are a practical choice for the degradation of NOx; among them, heterogeneous photocatalysis has proven to be a viable route. However, while the efficiency of this process has been widely demonstrated on a laboratory scale, it is still the subject of debate for real-life applications. The purpose of this study was to present a new field experiment on the application of a photocatalytic coating to outdoor walls. Air quality monitoring stations were used to evaluate the NOx concentration reduction instead of the chemiluminescent analyzer, in order to increase the number of sampling points. Statistical analysis was carried out to interpret the results. Density probability functions were plotted and showed a positive impact of the coating, leading to lower NOx concentrations. This work was completed by a laboratory-scale assessment of the coating’s durability using abrasion, QUV, and immersion/drying tests. The air depollution capacity of the chosen coating was significantly reduced after QUV testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air Quality, Health and Climate)

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Graphical abstract

14 pages, 1754 KiB

Open AccessReview

Micro- and Nano-Plastics Induced Release of Protein-Enriched Microbial Exopolymeric Substances (EPSs) in Marine Environments

by Wei-Chun Chin, Peter H. Santschi, Antonietta Quigg, Chen Xu, Peng Lin and Manoj Kamalanathan

Environments 2024, 11(8), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080165 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1551

Abstract

Plastics are produced, consumed, and disposed of worldwide, with more than eight million tons of plastic litter entering the ocean each year. Plastic litter accumulates in marine and terrestrial environments through a variety of pathways. Large plastic debris can be broken down into [...] Read more.

Plastics are produced, consumed, and disposed of worldwide, with more than eight million tons of plastic litter entering the ocean each year. Plastic litter accumulates in marine and terrestrial environments through a variety of pathways. Large plastic debris can be broken down into micro- and nano-plastic particles through physical/mechanical mechanisms and biologically or chemically mediated degradation. Their toxicity to aquatic organisms includes the scavenging of pollutant compounds and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Higher levels of ROS cause oxidative damages to microalgae and bacteria; this triggers the release of large amounts of exopolymeric substances (EPSs) with distinct molecular characteristics. This review will address what is known about the molecular mechanisms phytoplankton and bacteria use to regulate the fate and transport of plastic particles and identify the knowledge gaps, which should be considered in future research. In particular, the microbial communities react to plastic pollution through the production of EPSs that can reduce the plastic impacts via marine plastic snow (MPS) formation, allowing plastics to settle into sediments and facilitating their removal from the water column to lessen the plastic burden to ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastics Pollution in Aquatic Environments)

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15 pages, 2477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework for Developing Tools to Predict PFAS Physical–Chemical Properties and Mass-Partitioning Parameters

by Mark L. Brusseau

Environments 2024, 11(8), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080164 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1112

Abstract

A framework for developing predictive models for PFAS physical–chemical properties and mass-partitioning parameters is presented. The framework is based on the objective of developing tools that are of sufficient simplicity to be used rapidly and routinely for initial site investigations and risk assessments. [...] Read more.

A framework for developing predictive models for PFAS physical–chemical properties and mass-partitioning parameters is presented. The framework is based on the objective of developing tools that are of sufficient simplicity to be used rapidly and routinely for initial site investigations and risk assessments. This is accomplished by the use of bespoke PFAS-specific QSPR models. The development of these models entails aggregation and curation of measured data sets for a target property or parameter, supplemented by estimates produced with quantum–chemical ab initio predictions. The application of bespoke QSPR models for PFAS is illustrated with several examples, including partitioning to different interfaces, uptake by several fish species, and partitioning to four different biological materials. Reasonable correlations to molar volume were observed for all systems. One notable observation is that the slopes of all of the regression functions are similar. This suggests that the partitioning processes in all of these systems are to some degree mediated by the same mechanism, namely hydrophobic interaction. Special factors and elements requiring consideration in the development of predictive models are discussed, including differences in bulk-phase versus interface partitioning processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Occurrence, Behavior, Fate, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances)

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29 pages, 34731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the September 2023 Storm Daniel and Subsequent Flooding in Thessaly (Greece) on the Natural and Built Environment and on Infectious Disease Emergence

by Spyridon Mavroulis, Maria Mavrouli, Efthymios Lekkas and Athanasios Tsakris

Environments 2024, 11(8), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080163 - 2 Aug 2024

Viewed by 2386

Abstract

The storm Daniel and subsequent floods hit the Region of Thessaly (Greece) in early September 2023, causing extensive damage to the built environment (buildings, networks, and infrastructure), the natural environment (water bodies and soil), and the population (fatalities, injured, homeless, and displaced people). [...] Read more.

The storm Daniel and subsequent floods hit the Region of Thessaly (Greece) in early September 2023, causing extensive damage to the built environment (buildings, networks, and infrastructure), the natural environment (water bodies and soil), and the population (fatalities, injured, homeless, and displaced people). Additionally, the conditions and factors favorable for indirect public health impact (infectious diseases) emerged in the flood-affected communities. The factors had to do with infectious diseases from rodents and vectors, injuries, respiratory infections, water contamination, flood waste and their disposal sites as well as structural damage to buildings and the failures of infrastructure. The conditions that evolved necessitated the mobilization of the Civil Protection and Public Health agencies not only to cope with the storm and subsequent floods but also to avoid and manage indirect public health impact. The instructions provided to affected residents, health experts, and Civil Protection staff were consistent with the best practices and lessons learned from previous disasters. The emphasis should be on training actions for competent agencies, as well as education and increasing the awareness of the general population. Non-structural and structural measures should be implemented for increasing the climate resilience of infrastructures including the health care systems within a One Health approach. Full article

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14 pages, 5215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Swine Wastewater Treatment: A Sustainable and Systematic Approach through Optimized Chemical Oxygen Demand/Sulfate Mass Ratio in Attached-Growth Anaerobic Bioreactor

by Mehdi Lamssali, Shobha Mantripragada, Dongyang Deng and Lifeng Zhang

Environments 2024, 11(8), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080162 - 1 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

The swine industry generates millions of gallons (thousands of cubic meters) of wastewater every day, posing significant environmental risk due to high concentrations of organics and nutrients. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of attached-growth anaerobic bioreactors for treating swine wastewater by [...] Read more.

The swine industry generates millions of gallons (thousands of cubic meters) of wastewater every day, posing significant environmental risk due to high concentrations of organics and nutrients. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of attached-growth anaerobic bioreactors for treating swine wastewater by utilizing sulfate-reducing bacteria, focusing on the impact of chemical oxygen demand (COD)/sulfate mass ratios on organics degradation. A series of lab-scale anaerobic bioreactors were employed to treat swine wastewater for a 14-day period. The study evaluated changes in pH, acidity, alkalinity, COD, sulfate, and various nutrients along with total suspended solids (TSS) and volatile suspended solids (VSS) before and after treatment. At a COD/sulfate mass ratio of 2:1, the bioreactors achieved optimum removal efficiencies of 80% for TSS, 83% for VSS, 86–88% for COD, 82–87% for sulfate, 73% for sulfide, and 73% for sulfite. The nutrient removal efficiency was 67% for nitrate and 72% for nitrite. The acidity and alkalinity were effectively controlled, with alkalinity values reaching up to 2161 ± 92.5 mg/L and pH within the range of 7–7.24. The findings demonstrated that anaerobic bioreactor at a COD/sulfate mass ratio of 2:1 significantly enhanced the degradation of organic matter coupling with sulfate reduction in swine wastewater, providing an efficient and sustainable treatment method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies of Water and Wastewater Treatment)

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16 pages, 711 KiB

Open AccessReview

Honeybees and the One Health Approach

by Joana C. Prata and Paulo Martins da Costa

Environments 2024, 11(8), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080161 - 26 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1753

Abstract

The One Health approach recognizes the interconnectedness between human, animal, and environmental health. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) embody this framework due to their crucial role in ecosystems, food production, and susceptibility to contaminants. Despite their suitability for a One Health approach, there [...] Read more.

The One Health approach recognizes the interconnectedness between human, animal, and environmental health. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) embody this framework due to their crucial role in ecosystems, food production, and susceptibility to contaminants. Despite their suitability for a One Health approach, there is a lack of research showcasing the multidisciplinary impacts and contributions of bees. The objective of this work is to explore the application of the One Health approach to bees through a narrative review. This work highlights the contribution of bees to history and culture, economy, medicine, nutrition, food security, and the functioning of ecosystems. It also demonstrates that bee health is affected by land management, agricultural practices, environmental contaminants, nutritional resource availability, predators and diseases, weather, climate patterns, and beekeeping practices. This complex system is highly influenced by policy and beekeeping practices, which will benefit animal health directly and environmental and human health indirectly. Thus, the protection of bees should be prioritized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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12 pages, 2161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel eDNA-Based Approach for the Monitoring and Management of the Endangered Beluga (Huso huso, Linnaeus, 1758) and Adriatic (Acipenser naccarii, Bonaparte, 1836) Sturgeon

by Caterina Maria Antognazza, Fausto Ramazzotti, Antonia Bruno, Andrea Galimberti, Monica Di Francesco and Serena Zaccara

Environments 2024, 11(8), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080160 - 23 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1843

Abstract

Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758, acipenseridae) and Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii, Bonaparte, 1836, acipenseridae) within the Po River basin have been recently assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and were found to be Extinct in the [...] Read more.

Beluga sturgeon (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758, acipenseridae) and Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii, Bonaparte, 1836, acipenseridae) within the Po River basin have been recently assessed for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species and were found to be Extinct in the Wild and Critically Endangered, respectively. Significant declines in both species’ abundance have spurred major research efforts and management actions in recent decades. Recently, specific actions have been conducted to recover habitat connectivity through projects of river defragmentation and reintroduction plans have been implemented for both sturgeon species. To manage effective conservation efforts, knowledge of a species’ distribution and abundance is critical, especially for adult sturgeon that are able to move hundreds of kilometers away from release sites. Here, two new quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays to detect beluga sturgeon and Adriatic sturgeon environmental DNA (eDNA) in water samples have been developed with the goal of providing an alternative method to monitor their presence. Two Taqman-based assays targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b region were developed and showed no amplification of other related and co-occurring fishes. A mesocosm within the Ticino Park on the Ticino River (a main tributary of the Po River), where both species are bred, was used to develop and validate the assays. The LOQ for H. huso assay corresponded to C_t = 41 (7.33 × 10⁷ DNA counts/µL of reaction) and for A. naccarrii it was Ct = 37 (2.23 × 10¹⁶ DNA counts/µL of reaction). Additionally, water samples were taken from the discard drainage, which flows directly into the Ticino River, testing positive detection of eDNA within a distance of up to 2 km. Overall, the results suggested that the two assays developed in this study could represent a promising new tool for monitoring both beluga and Adriatic sturgeon. Full article

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15 pages, 1945 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Grease Trap Waste Management in the US and the Upcycle as Feedstocks for Alternative Diesel Fuels

by Andres Mata, Junsong Zhang, Joshua Pridemore, Kevin Johnson, Nathan Holliday, Art Helmstetter and Mingming Lu

Environments 2024, 11(8), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11080159 - 23 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1702

Abstract

As byproducts generated by commercial and domestic food-related processes, FOGs (fats, oils, and grease) are the leading cause of sewer pipe blockages in the US and around the world. Grease trap waste (GTW) is a subcategory of FOG currently disposed of as waste, [...] Read more.

As byproducts generated by commercial and domestic food-related processes, FOGs (fats, oils, and grease) are the leading cause of sewer pipe blockages in the US and around the world. Grease trap waste (GTW) is a subcategory of FOG currently disposed of as waste, resulting in an economic burden for GTW generators and handlers. This presents a global need for both resource conservation and carbon footprint reduction, particularly through increased waste upcycling. Therefore, it is critical to better understand current GTW handling practices in the context of the urban food–energy–water cycle. This can be accomplished with firsthand data collection, such as onsite visits, phone discussions, and targeted questionnaires. GTW disposal methods were found to be regional and correspond to key geographical locations, with landfill operations mostly practiced in the Midwest regions, incineration mainly in the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic regions, and digestion mainly in the West of the US. Select GTW samples were analyzed to evaluate their potential reuse as low-cost feedstocks for biodiesel or renewable diesel, which are alternatives to petroleum diesel fuels. Various GTW lipid extraction technologies have been reviewed, and more studies were found on converting GTW into biodiesel rather than renewable diesel. The challenges for these two pathways are the high sulfur content in biodiesel and the metal contents in renewable diesel, respectively. GTW lipid extraction technologies should overcome these issues while producing minimum-viable products with higher market values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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Environments, Volume 11, Issue 8 (August 2024) – 26 articles

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