Low Concentrations of Biochar Improve Germination and Seedling Development in the Threatened Arable Weed Centaurea cyanus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biochar
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Germination Parameters
- Mean germination time (MGT), calculated according to Ellis and Roberts [61] (Equation (2)):
- Germination rate index (GRI), calculated according to Fowler [62] (Equation (3)):
- Germination energy (GE), calculated according to Czabator [60] (Equation (4)):
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Germination Parameters
3.2. Fresh and Dry Weight
3.3. Radicle Length
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) | <0.4 |
K (mg kg−1) | 3020 |
P (mg kg−1) | 340 |
Ca (mg kg−1) | 9920 |
Mg (mg kg−1) | 852 |
Na (mg kg−1) | 291 |
C from carbonate (%) | <0.1 |
C (%) | 68.7 |
WHC (%) | 23.5 |
EC (mS cm−1) | 110 |
pH | 9.9 |
Hash content (%) | 4.6 |
H/C | 0.2 |
Source of variation | GP | Radicle Length | ||||||
df | MS | F | df | MS | F | |||
Day | 8 | 6.96 | 224.94 ** | 5 | 0.01 | 317.17 *** | ||
Biochar | 5 | 0.19 | 6.23 *** | 5 | 15,867 | 7.70 *** | ||
Day × Biochar | 40 | 0.05 | 1.79″ | 2.5 | 3206.3 | 1.56 | ||
Residual | 216 | 0.03 | 144 | 2059.8 | ||||
Total | 269 | 179 | ||||||
Source of variation | MGT | GRI | GE | |||||
df | MS | F | MS | F | MS | F | ||
Biochar | 5 | 0.047 | 4.22 ** | 0.01 | 3.16 * | 0.02 | 7.22 *** | |
Residual | 24 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||
Total | 29 | |||||||
Source of variation | Fresh weight | Dry weight | ||||||
df | MS | F | MS | F | ||||
Biochar | 5 | 0.01 | 0.34 | 0.01 | 3.41 * | |||
Residual | 24 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |||||
Total | 29 |
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Fedeli, R.; Fiaschi, T.; de Simone, L.; Angiolini, C.; Maccherini, S.; Loppi, S.; Fanfarillo, E. Low Concentrations of Biochar Improve Germination and Seedling Development in the Threatened Arable Weed Centaurea cyanus. Environments 2024, 11, 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11090189
Fedeli R, Fiaschi T, de Simone L, Angiolini C, Maccherini S, Loppi S, Fanfarillo E. Low Concentrations of Biochar Improve Germination and Seedling Development in the Threatened Arable Weed Centaurea cyanus. Environments. 2024; 11(9):189. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11090189
Chicago/Turabian StyleFedeli, Riccardo, Tiberio Fiaschi, Leopoldo de Simone, Claudia Angiolini, Simona Maccherini, Stefano Loppi, and Emanuele Fanfarillo. 2024. "Low Concentrations of Biochar Improve Germination and Seedling Development in the Threatened Arable Weed Centaurea cyanus" Environments 11, no. 9: 189. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11090189