Environments

34 pages, 4311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Pollution on Physico-Chemical Parameters and Diatom Communities Diversity in the Main Tributaries of the Arieș River, Romania

by Mirel Glevitzky, Mihai Teopent Corcheş and Doriana Maria Popa

Environments 2025, 12(10), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100389 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Human activities in the Apuseni Mountains region, Romania, especially in the Roșia Montană mining area, have significantly impacted water quality in the Arieș River tributaries. This study assessed the main physico-chemical and salinity parameters, along with the contents of trace elements (As, Cd, [...] Read more.

Human activities in the Apuseni Mountains region, Romania, especially in the Roșia Montană mining area, have significantly impacted water quality in the Arieș River tributaries. This study assessed the main physico-chemical and salinity parameters, along with the contents of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Ni) dissolved in water, as well as in the Abrud, Ștefanca, Valea Seșii, and Sârtaș rivers, the main tributaries of the Arieș River. Maximum concentrations of trace elements were observed in Valea Seșii (e.g., Zn up to 716 µg/L, Fe up to 562 µg/L), while Abrud and Sartăș showed moderate contamination. Diatom analysis revealed a high prevalence of Achnanthidium minutissimum and Planothidium lanceolatum, with teratological forms of A. minutissimum being the most frequent, indicating stress from pollutants. Saprobic index values ranged from 1.21 to 1.91, reflecting water quality from good to moderately impacted. The integration of chemical and biological data highlights the cumulative effects of mining and agricultural activities, demonstrating the utility of combined monitoring for effective freshwater management. Our results showed that numerous diatom taxa are currently present in samples collected from various watercourses within the Aries River basin, reflecting both the biological diversity and the variable influence of environmental factors on aquatic communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavior and Remediation of Emerging Contaminants in Water Environments)

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18 pages, 2262 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Dynamics of Phytoplankton Communities in Relation to Water Quality in Poyang Lake, China

by Gnoumasse Sidibe, Liang Gan, He Liu, Sahr Lamin Sumana, Abdulai Merry Kamara and Ligang Xu

Environments 2025, 12(10), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100388 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

Abstract

Poyang Lake, China’s largest freshwater lake, is an ecologically significant but increasingly vulnerable system threatened by eutrophication and harmful algal blooms driven by human activities. Phytoplankton organisms, as primary producers and sensitive bioindicators, provide critical insights into these ecological changes; however, comprehensive seasonal [...] Read more.

Poyang Lake, China’s largest freshwater lake, is an ecologically significant but increasingly vulnerable system threatened by eutrophication and harmful algal blooms driven by human activities. Phytoplankton organisms, as primary producers and sensitive bioindicators, provide critical insights into these ecological changes; however, comprehensive seasonal assessments remain scarce. This study examined intra-annual phytoplankton dynamics at 15 representative sites, with the objectives of quantifying seasonal and spatial variations in community composition, density, biomass, and diversity, and identifying key environmental drivers. Surface water samples were collected during four seasons. Phytoplankton were identified microscopically, and diversity was quantified using Shannon–Wiener, Pielou’s evenness, and Margalef’s richness indices. Concurrent measurements included water temperature (WT), dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients (TN, TP, NO₃⁻-N, NO₂⁻-N, NH₄⁺-N), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, and transparency. Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis (RDA) were applied to evaluate phytoplankton–environment relationships. A total of 118 phytoplankton species belonging to 7 phyla were identified. Chlorophyta, Cyanobacteria, and Bacillariophyta exhibited the highest species richness. The highest seasonal abundances were observed for Microcystis wesenbergii (0.998) in winter, Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima (0.780) in spring, and Snowella lacustris (0.520) in autumn, indicating pronounced seasonal shifts in dominant taxa across Poyang Lake. Phytoplankton density and biomass peaked in summer, while diversity indices significantly declined with increasing WT. RDA revealed that WT, DO, TP, and transparency collectively explained 45.7% of the community variation, with DO emerging as the most influential factor. These findings demonstrate that physical drivers, particularly thermal conditions and oxygen availability, exert stronger influences on phytoplankton diversity than nutrients alone, challenging nutrient-centric paradigms. Management should integrate hydrological and oxygen regulation with nutrient control, while long-term monitoring, depth-stratified sampling, and trait-based approaches are recommended to improve predictive models under climate variability. Full article

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23 pages, 8417 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Coniferous Forest Cover Change and Associated Uncertainty in a Subbasin of the Great Salt Lake Watershed: A Stochastic Approach Using Landsat Imagery and Random Forest Models

by Kaleb Markert, Gustavious P. Williams, Norman L. Jones, Robert B. Sowby and Grayson R. Morgan

Environments 2025, 12(10), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100387 - 17 Oct 2025

Abstract

We present a stochastic method for classifying high-elevation coniferous forest coverage that includes an uncertainty estimate using Landsat images. We evaluate trends in coniferous coverage from 1986 to 2024 in a sub-basin of the Great Salt Lake basin in the western United States [...] Read more.

We present a stochastic method for classifying high-elevation coniferous forest coverage that includes an uncertainty estimate using Landsat images. We evaluate trends in coniferous coverage from 1986 to 2024 in a sub-basin of the Great Salt Lake basin in the western United States This work was completed before the recent release of the extended National Land Cover Database (NLCD) data, so we use the 9 years of NLCD data previously available over the period from 2001 to 2021 for training and validation. We perform 100 draws of 5130 data points each using stratified sampling from the paired NLCD and Landsat data to generate 100 Random Forest Models. Even though extended NLCD data are available, our model is unique as it is trained on high elevation dense coniferous stands and does not classify wester pinyon (Pinus edulis) or Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) shrub trees as “coniferous”. We apply these models, implemented in Google Earth Engine, to the nearly 40-year Landsat dataset to stochastically classify coniferous forest extent to support trend analysis with uncertainty. Model accuracy for most years is better than 94%, comparable to published NLCD accuracy, though several years had significantly worse results. Coniferous area standard deviations for any given year ranged from 0.379% to 1.17% for 100 realizations. A linear fit from 1985 to 2024 shows an increase of 65% in coniferous coverage over 38 years, though there is variation around the trend. The method can be adapted for other specialized land cover categories and sensors, facilitating long-term environmental monitoring and management while providing uncertainty estimates. The findings support ongoing research forest management impacts on snowpack and water infiltration, as increased coniferous coverage of dense fir and spruce increases interception and sublimation, decreasing infiltration and runoff. NLCD data cannot easily be used for this work in the west, as the pinyon (Pinus edulis) and juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) forests are classified as coniferous, but have much lower impact on interception and sublimation. Full article

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25 pages, 3562 KB

Open AccessReview

A Bibliometric Anatomy of Literature on Bio-Based Fertilisers with Insights into Environmental Impacts and Evaluation Approaches

by Carlos Alberto Torres-Guerrero, Nancy Peña, Joan Colón, Daniel Egas, Ana Robles-Aguilar, Laia Llenas and Jorge Senán-Salinas

Environments 2025, 12(10), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100386 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

Bio-based fertilisers (BBFs) are gaining attention as sustainable alternatives to mineral fertilisers due to their potential for nutrient recovery, reduced environmental emissions, and improved soil health. However, their broader adoption is hindered by regulatory uncertainty, quality inconsistencies, and methodological variability in assessing their [...] Read more.

Bio-based fertilisers (BBFs) are gaining attention as sustainable alternatives to mineral fertilisers due to their potential for nutrient recovery, reduced environmental emissions, and improved soil health. However, their broader adoption is hindered by regulatory uncertainty, quality inconsistencies, and methodological variability in assessing their environmental impacts. This study can reveal about the body of research on bio-based fertilisers (BBFs), using a hybrid methodology that combines bibliometric and content analysis. A total of 247 publications from 2001 to 2024 were reviewed to identify research trends, environmental concerns, and assessment approaches. Results show a sharp increase in BBF-related publications after 2016, driven primarily by European and North American research, with growing focus on life cycle assessment (LCA) and nutrient recovery. The in-depth analysis of the ten most cited LCA and non-LCA studies highlights key methodological differences: non-LCA studies frequently rely on empirical fieldwork and generate primary data, whereas LCA studies typically synthesise secondary data to provide broader system-level insights. Despite this complementarity, the lack of methodological harmonisation poses a barrier to consistent comparison and interpretation. The findings highlight the need for a unified, standardised assessment framework to reliably evaluate the environmental performance of BBFs and support their effective implementation within circular and sustainable agricultural systems. Full article

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24 pages, 5821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pasture Floristic Composition as an Indicator of Soil pH Correction and Sheep Stocking Rate in Montado Ecosystem

by João Serrano, Paula Matono, Emanuel Carreira, Shakib Shahidian, Francisco J. Moral, Luís L. Paniagua, Rui Charneca, Alfredo Pereira and Anabela Belo

Environments 2025, 12(10), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100385 - 16 Oct 2025

Abstract

The application of dolomitic limestone is a recommended practice for improving pastures established on acidic soils. On the other hand, pasture availability should determine the adjustment of the biotic load. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of pasture plant [...] Read more.

The application of dolomitic limestone is a recommended practice for improving pastures established on acidic soils. On the other hand, pasture availability should determine the adjustment of the biotic load. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of pasture plant community composition as an indicator to assess the effects of intensification strategies in the Montado ecosystem, specifically soil pH correction and/or increasing animal stocking rate. Forty-eight sampling areas of a biodiverse pasture were monitored on a 4-ha plot located at the Mitra farm (Évora district; southern Portugal). The experimental design included four treatments: with and without limestone application (respectively, DL and WDL) × traditional low stocking rate (LSR, 7 sheep ha⁻¹) and high stocking rate (HSR, 18 sheep ha⁻¹). Floristic composition, structural parameters, and diversity metrics were recorded and analyzed using multivariate statistical tools. Pasture diversity was assessed through the computation of richness indices, with plant species identified as ecological indicators representative of each study area. The results showed Rumex pulcher, Trifolium subterraneum, Plantago lanceolata, and Lolium rigidum as botanical indicators of the four treatments of this study, respectively, LSR in untreated soil, HSR in untreated soil, HSR in treated soil, and LSR in treated soil. The results also show that soil amendment led to a more distinct and stable pasture floristic composition (PFC) compared to untreated areas. Conversely, the stocking rate (SR) played a secondary but still ecologically relevant role. Notably, HSR appears to reduce the need for lime application to achieve a balanced floristic composition and desirable plant community structure, potentially lowering soil amendment costs without compromising pasture quality. In LSR areas, the application of lime was essential to significantly improve the floristic richness, the vegetation cover, and the presence of legumes. Full article

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32 pages, 1502 KB

Open AccessReview

Aquatic Ecotoxicology of Antiretrovirals: A Review

by Gabriel Souza-Silva, Valéria Aparecida Bispo, Mariângela Domingos Alcantara, Maria Clara Vieira Martins Starling, Cléssius Ribeiro de Souza, Laíse Taciane Rodrigues Jardim, Matheus Miranda, Kenia Pedrosa Nunes, Cíntia Aparecida de Jesus Pereira, Marcos Paulo Gomes Mol and Micheline Rosa Silveira

Environments 2025, 12(10), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100384 - 16 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Antiretrovirals (ARVs) present variable toxicity to aquatic organisms. This study reviewed the literature from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed to evaluate ARV ecotoxicity, focusing on aquatic models. Inclusion criteria were studies using ARVs as test substances with toxicity data on aquatic [...] Read more.

Antiretrovirals (ARVs) present variable toxicity to aquatic organisms. This study reviewed the literature from the Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed to evaluate ARV ecotoxicity, focusing on aquatic models. Inclusion criteria were studies using ARVs as test substances with toxicity data on aquatic organisms. Quality assessment followed the CRED method, and environmental risk was evaluated via risk quotients (RQs) using the ERA tool. Efavirenz emerged as the most toxic ARV, with EC50 values of 0.011 mg/L (Chlorococcum infusionum) to 0.034 mg/L (Raphidocelis subcapitata), causing growth inhibition, photosynthesis reduction, and oxidative stress. Tenofovir showed lower toxicity, with EC50 values above 300.0 mg/L (Biomphalaria glabrata) and 111.82 mg/L (Artemia salina). Other ARVs, including Lamivudine and Zidovudine, displayed moderate toxicity (EC50 3.013–5.442 mg/L in microalgae). Main effects observed included oxidative damage, altered enzyme activity (catalase and NADH-cytochrome C oxidoreductase), reduced growth and photosynthesis, and bioaccumulation in aquatic plants like Lemna minor. Efavirenz also showed synergistic toxicity when combined with other ARVs. These findings indicate that ARVs, particularly highly toxic compounds such as Efavirenz, pose significant ecological risks, emphasizing the importance of proper disposal and remediation strategies to protect aquatic ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Risk Assessment of Aquatic Environments)

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21 pages, 679 KB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on N₂O Emissions from Rice Cultivation: A Review

by Annette Madelene Dăncilă, Cristina Modrogan and Oanamari Daniela Orbuleț

Environments 2025, 12(10), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100383 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Rice is a major dietary component for more than half of the world’s population, and its cultivation requires a careful balance of nutrients to ensure high yields and sustainable practices. Soil-derived N₂O fluxes represent a major environmental challenge with global implications. [...] Read more.

Rice is a major dietary component for more than half of the world’s population, and its cultivation requires a careful balance of nutrients to ensure high yields and sustainable practices. Soil-derived N₂O fluxes represent a major environmental challenge with global implications. While agriculture is a necessary activity to feed a growing population, it must evolve to minimize its ecological footprint. This review provides an update on the effects of nitrogen fertilizer application, such as ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃), urea (CO(NH₂)₂), ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄), and calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN), on N₂O emissions from rice cultivation. The role of various nitrification inhibitors (e.g., dicyandiamide (DCD), 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl) pyridine (nitrapyrin) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP)) in minimizing the release of N₂O from soils to the atmosphere was also discussed. Here, we described N₂O production by nitrification and denitrification processes in the paddy rice field, and then summarized the strategies, such as optimized fertilizer use, improved drainage and water management, and the use of organic amendments, that can enhance crop productivity while promoting sustainable reductions in N₂O emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions and Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture)

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20 pages, 1104 KB

Open AccessReview

Sex- and Gender-Based Differences in Asthmatic Responses to Chemical Sensitizers, Particularly in Occupational Settings: A Scoping Review

by Lidia Caporossi, Simona Di Renzi, Elisa Partenzi, Delia Cavallo, Paola Tomao and Diana Poli

Environments 2025, 12(10), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100382 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease resulting from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and occupational factors. Key environmental risks include exposure to tobacco smoke and respiratory sensitizing agents, many of which are prevalent in workplace settings. In adults, asthma is associated with [...] Read more.

Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease resulting from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and occupational factors. Key environmental risks include exposure to tobacco smoke and respiratory sensitizing agents, many of which are prevalent in workplace settings. In adults, asthma is associated with reduced employment, job instability, and work-related disability, resulting in significant social and economic consequences. This scoping review investigates the role of exposure to respiratory sensitizers in the onset and progression of asthma, considering data from the general population to occupational settings, with a focus on sex and gender as key modifiers of risk, disease severity, and occupational outcomes. Biological studies were also considered to clarify the mechanisms underlying observed sex/gender differences. Epidemiological data indicate that women are disproportionately affected by asthma, experiencing more severe symptoms, higher comorbidity rates, and increased exposure in certain professions such as healthcare, cleaning, and textile work. These disparities are attributed to both sex-related factors (e.g., hormonal influences) and gender-related factors (e.g., occupational roles, smoking habits). Although traditional job roles are changing, women continue to face greater occupational asthma risks. As roles evolve, physiological sex-based differences may become increasingly relevant in shaping asthma susceptibility. This review emphasizes the need for sex- and gender-sensitive strategies in asthma prevention, surveillance, and management, especially in occupational health contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges in Environmental and Occupational Monitoring: New Methods, New Chemicals, New Concerns for Safety and Health)

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28 pages, 8745 KB

Open AccessArticle

Land Use and Land Cover Change and Potential Implications for Water Levels of the Great Salt Lake

by Tucker Howey, Luke North and Ruth Kerry

Environments 2025, 12(10), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100381 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 181

Abstract

The Great Salt Lake has shrunk significantly in volume since non-native settlement started. Most of that shrinkage has occurred in recent years. There are many adverse consequences associated with the shrinking of the lake, so avoiding the lake drying completely is desirable. To [...] Read more.

The Great Salt Lake has shrunk significantly in volume since non-native settlement started. Most of that shrinkage has occurred in recent years. There are many adverse consequences associated with the shrinking of the lake, so avoiding the lake drying completely is desirable. To prevent this from happening, the causes of the drying need to be determined. Previous studies suggest that drying is due to a combination of water diversion for agricultural and municipal use and a decades-long drought. While municipal water use has been mentioned in other studies, it has sometimes been presented as a solution to the drying of the lake. As agriculture uses more water per hectare than urban areas, a prevalent notion is that urban expansion results in water savings. This viewpoint assumes that urban areas are predominantly developed on agricultural land. In this paper we quantify land use change in the Great Salt Lake basin over the last ~40 years and associated likely water diversion quantities based on average irrigation needs for different crops and for urban areas. We determine whether recent urbanization has occurred on natural or agricultural lands and has therefore increased or decreased water demand. Our results show that the cultivated crop area in Salt Lake County decreased markedly in the 2002–2007 and 2018–2023 periods, while developed land increased far more than the decrease in agricultural land. For the 2008–2023 period, far more natural land uses have been converted to urban uses than conversions from agricultural land, meaning that water demand has increased with urbanization. Also, alfalfa has a high water demand and has increased in area. Nevertheless, the increased irrigation water use from the alfalfa area has been smaller than the increase in water use from urban development. Results show that for the four most populous counties, >75% of land use change from 2008 to 2023 has resulted in a net increase in water use. Even for the more agricultural Cache County, Utah, and Franklin County, Idaho, >50% of land use change resulted in a net increase in water use. The results of this study have important implications for the planning of future urban development if the Great Salt Lake is to be preserved. Full article

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16 pages, 3281 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fluid/Fluid Interfacial Areas Measured for Different Non-Wetting/Wetting Fluid Pairs in Natural Porous Media

by Mark L. Brusseau, Matthew E. Narter, Gregory Schnaar, Juliana Araujo and Justin Marble

Environments 2025, 12(10), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100380 - 15 Oct 2025

Viewed by 181

Abstract

This study examined the impact of fluid type and grain diameter on the interfacial area between different pairs of non-wetting and wetting fluids in natural porous media. Synchrotron X-ray microtomography was used to obtain high-resolution, three-dimensional images of multi-phase porous media systems. Multiple [...] Read more.

This study examined the impact of fluid type and grain diameter on the interfacial area between different pairs of non-wetting and wetting fluids in natural porous media. Synchrotron X-ray microtomography was used to obtain high-resolution, three-dimensional images of multi-phase porous media systems. Multiple porous media, comprising a range of physical and geochemical properties, were used in this study. The four pairs of non-wetting/wetting fluids used were dense OIL/water, light OIL/water, air/dense OIL, and air/water. Images were obtained over a broad range of wetting phase saturation and for both wetting phase drainage and imbibition conditions. The results showed that for each fluid pair, the total (capillary + film) interfacial area increased with decreasing wetting fluid saturation. Interfacial areas were similar among all fluid pairs for a given porous medium. They were also similar for drainage and imbibition conditions. The maximum specific interfacial area (A_m) was shown to correlate well with inverse median grain diameter. The physical properties of the porous medium appear to have a greater influence on the magnitude of specific total interfacial area for a given saturation than fluid properties or wetting phase history. Full article

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18 pages, 1775 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Acid Catalysis on Hydroxycinnamate Recovery from Corn Stover Using Hydrothermal and Organosolv Treatments

by Anna Fantidou, Antony Sarris, Ioanna Tsaousi, Maria Tsela, Theodoros Chatzimitakos and Dimitris P. Makris

Environments 2025, 12(10), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100379 - 15 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Corn stover (CS) is a highly abundant type of agricultural biowaste, largely composed of lignocellulosic material. CS may be a particularly rich pool of hydroxycinnamates, represented primarily by p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid; yet, these compounds are bound onto the lignocellulosic matrix, [...] Read more.

Corn stover (CS) is a highly abundant type of agricultural biowaste, largely composed of lignocellulosic material. CS may be a particularly rich pool of hydroxycinnamates, represented primarily by p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid; yet, these compounds are bound onto the lignocellulosic matrix, and their release requires an appropriate acid and/or alkaline catalysis. This being the case, this study herein aimed to develop an effective process to boost hydroxycinnamate recovery by employing acid-catalyzed hydrothermal and organosolv treatments. To this end, oxalic acid was tested as a benign, natural acid catalyst, along with the well-examined sulfuric acid. A kinetic assay showed that both the acid catalyst and the use of an organic solvent (ethanol) may greatly impact the rate and level of polyphenol recovery. Under optimized conditions, determined by implementing response surface methodology, it was demonstrated that the organosolv treatment was far more effective than the hydrothermal one, with regard to total polyphenol recovery, while the oxalic acid catalysis was equally efficient as the sulfuric acid one. This treatment afforded 17.8 ± 2.3 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of dry CS mass. However, a thorough insight into the polyphenolic composition of the extracts produced revealed that hydrothermal treatment may enable, apart from p-coumaric and ferulic acid release, the formation of a compound tentatively identified as an ester of p-coumaric acid with a pentose. Furthermore, it was shown that sulfuric acid-catalyzed organosolv treatment provided almost 25 and 34% higher yields for p-coumaric and ferulic acid, respectively, but it strongly inhibited p-coumaric acid-pentose ester formation. These compositional differences appeared to impact the antioxidant activity of the corresponding extracts. It was concluded that the oxalic acid-catalyzed ethanol organosolv treatment of CS may have important potential in a biorefinery context, but improvements are required to further enhance treatment performance. This would lead to replacing corrosive catalysts, such as sulfuric acid, with benign ones, thereby establishing a fully sustainable process for the recovery of bioactive phytochemicals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermochemical Treatments of Biomass, 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 9182 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling and Measurements of Traffic-Related PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and NO₂ Emissions Around the Roundabout and Three-Arm Intersection in the Urban Environment

by Dusan Jandacka, Marek Drliciak, Michal Cingel and Matej Brna

Environments 2025, 12(10), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100378 - 14 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In recent decades, road transport has become one of the dominant factors shaping environmental conditions, with both beneficial and adverse consequences. While transport infrastructure facilitates access to essential services and supports societal well-being, vehicular emissions remain a major source of air quality degradation. [...] Read more.

In recent decades, road transport has become one of the dominant factors shaping environmental conditions, with both beneficial and adverse consequences. While transport infrastructure facilitates access to essential services and supports societal well-being, vehicular emissions remain a major source of air quality degradation. Among the pollutants released, nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) are of particular concern due to their adverse health effects, especially in densely trafficked urban areas. Pollutant levels are determined not only by traffic intensity but also by external influences such as meteorological conditions and roadway design. This study examines how different intersection configurations affect ambient concentrations of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, and NO₂. Field monitoring and dispersion modeling were carried out for a three-arm intersection and a roundabout. NO₂ concentrations were quantified using a reference chemiluminescence method, while PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were measured with an optical aerosol spectrometer. Traffic flow characteristics associated with each intersection geometry were simulated in PTV Vissim, and pollutant dispersion patterns were subsequently analyzed using the CadnaA modeling environment. Field measurements revealed lower PM concentrations (reduction in PM₁₀, PM_2.5–10 and PM_2.5 concentration—30.1%, 45.1% and 22.8%) and higher NO₂ concentrations (increase in NO₂ concentration—143.3%) at the roundabout. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aerosols, Health, and Environmental Interactions)

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27 pages, 1050 KB

Open AccessArticle

Linking Riverbank Morphodynamics to Water Contamination: A Long-Term Evaluation of the Global Pollution Index in the Timiș River, Romania

by Florina-Luciana Burescu, Simona Gavrilaș, Bianca-Denisa Chereji and Florentina-Daniela Munteanu

Environments 2025, 12(10), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100377 - 14 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Riverbank height plays a potentially important role in hydrological dynamics and pollutant transport, yet its influence on long-term water quality trends remains insufficiently documented. This study explores possible relationships between riverbank height variations and the Global Pollution Index (

I_{G P}^{*}

[...] Read more.

Riverbank height plays a potentially important role in hydrological dynamics and pollutant transport, yet its influence on long-term water quality trends remains insufficiently documented. This study explores possible relationships between riverbank height variations and the Global Pollution Index (

I_{G P}^{*}

) in the Timiș River, Romania, over eleven (11) years (2013–2023). A dataset of 17 physicochemical parameters—including BOD₅, COD-Cr, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (N and P species), heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu, and Zn), detergents, and phenols—was used to tentatively assess ecological status. The results suggest that, despite a maximum riverbank elevation change of ~11 cm between 2020 and 2025,

I_{G P}^{*}

values remained within a relatively narrow range (1.98–2.56, mean 2.19), pointing to persistent but moderate anthropogenic pressure. The highest index value (2.56, in 2016) coincided with a transient pollution event, whereas subsequent years stabilized around 2.0–2.3, which may reflect chronic diffuse pollution. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between BOD₅ and conductivity (r = 0.76, linked to organic loads), COD-Cr and heavy metals (r = 0.79, suggestive of industrial influence), and total nitrogen and nitrate (r = 0.97, related to agricultural inputs), appear to outline distinct source-related signatures. This study offers preliminary evidence that even modest riverbank fluctuations may influence hydrodynamics and the fate of pollutants, while basin-scale water quality seems to remain largely governed by diffuse pollution sources. By integrating long-term geomorphological monitoring with multi-parameter water quality data into a composite index (

I_{G P}^{*}

), our work sketches a potentially innovative framework for diagnosing pollution drivers. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating riverbank morphology into EU Water Framework Directive monitoring, alongside GIS, IoT, and machine learning tools, could contribute to more adaptive river basin management. Full article

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17 pages, 1510 KB

Open AccessReview

Ice Jam Flooding of the Drying Peace-Athabasca Delta: Hindsight on the Accuracy of the Traditional Knowledge and Historical Flood Record

by Spyros Beltaos

Environments 2025, 12(10), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100376 - 13 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD) in northern Alberta, Canada, is one of the world’s largest inland freshwater deltas and is largely located within the Wood Buffalo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Owing to its ecological and socioeconomic significance, the PAD has been [...] Read more.

The Peace-Athabasca Delta (PAD) in northern Alberta, Canada, is one of the world’s largest inland freshwater deltas and is largely located within the Wood Buffalo National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Owing to its ecological and socioeconomic significance, the PAD has been designated a Ramsar wetland of international importance. A paucity of large-scale Peace River ice jam flooding and concurrent drying trend during the past five decades has motivated various studies on relevant processes and on possible remedial action. In turn, many of these studies are informed by a flood record that was compiled in 1995, based on Historical information and Traditional Knowledge (H-TK flood record). Later work has expressed occasional reservations regarding the accuracy of this record, while much more is now known about the physical and hydroclimatic controls of PAD ice jams. This paper examines the 20th century portion of the H-TK record in the light of recent scientific advances made since the 1990s and of a wealth of hydrometric and climatic indicators, along with eyewitness corroborations, that extend back to the early 1900s. Systematic observational data and monitoring reports that have become available since the 1990s have also provided valuable documentation of PAD flooding. It is concluded that the record of major ice-jam floods is reliable, while the possibility of “missed” events cannot be precluded. The record of minor ice jam floods, which is largely inferred from reversed tributary flows entering Lake Athabasca, may not be reliable because more than half of the reported events might not have occurred at all. The value of the H-TK record is primarily in the major events, which generate overland inundation and can amply recharge various ponds, lakes, and wetlands of the PAD. Implications of the results for pre- and post-regulation flood frequencies and for future park management are discussed. Full article

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19 pages, 3171 KB

Open AccessArticle

Visualising the Environmental Effects of Working near Home: Remote Working Hubs and Co-Working Spaces in England and Wales

by Maren Schnieder

Environments 2025, 12(10), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100375 - 13 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: The pressure on the transport sector to decarbonise intensifies the need to look beyond the usual recommendations (e.g., walking, cycling, technological innovations). Therefore, strategies to avoid or modify commutes to places of work have long been seen as an option to decarbonise. [...] Read more.

Background: The pressure on the transport sector to decarbonise intensifies the need to look beyond the usual recommendations (e.g., walking, cycling, technological innovations). Therefore, strategies to avoid or modify commutes to places of work have long been seen as an option to decarbonise. Recognised for achieving an optimal balance between working from home and working in an office, co-working spaces may also minimise the length of commutes and therefore reduce emissions, traffic congestion, road maintenance, stress experienced by drivers, and other negative externalities of traffic. Methods: This study quantifies the above using a digital model of England and Wales. Two distributions of co-working spaces have been compared in this paper (i.e., one co-working space (i) in each Middle-layer Super Output Area or (ii) at the nearest train station). Results: The overall reduction in travel time and distance exceeds 70% if everyone who commutes by car outside their home MSOA drives to a co-working space. Despite a change in the place of work having no impact on the cold start emissions, substantial emission savings can still be achieved. These range from 35.8% to 92.1% depending on the pollutant, scenario, and distribution of co-working spaces. Full article

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41 pages, 3353 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Circular Supply Chain Management Assessment: A Systematic Literature Review

by Jose Alejandro Cano, Abraham Londoño-Pineda, Emiro Antonio Campo, Tim Gruchmann and Stephan Weyers

Environments 2025, 12(10), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100374 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 637

Abstract

In response to escalating global concerns about waste generation throughout the product life cycle, the Circular Economy (CE) has emerged as a central alternative to the dominant linear economic model. The integration of CE principles into supply chain management is manifested in Circular [...] Read more.

In response to escalating global concerns about waste generation throughout the product life cycle, the Circular Economy (CE) has emerged as a central alternative to the dominant linear economic model. The integration of CE principles into supply chain management is manifested in Circular Supply Chain Management (CSCM), offering a novel perspective on supply chain sustainability. Despite the growing research interest in developing CSCM to enhance supply chain sustainability, assessment approaches of this concept are notably absent in the literature. This study addresses this gap by focusing on the assessment and performance measurement of circular practices in the context of supply chains. At first, the research presents a bibliometric analysis to delve into the performance and science mapping of CSCM assessment, providing a comprehensive view of the scientific landscape. Subsequently, a content analysis is then used to identify current assessment approaches, focusing on frameworks, methodologies, barriers, enablers, and CE strategies. The study proposes a conceptual model based on the SCOR framework, including core categories such as enablers (business model, technology, collaboration, design) and results (material, water, energy flows) represented by the Rs strategies. This model contributes to bridging theoretical gaps and guiding practitioners and policymakers in the design, evaluation, and implementation of circular supply chains. Full article

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23 pages, 1842 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Scenarios for the Application of the Future PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ Standards: A Case Study of Three Urban Areas in Romania and Implications for Public Policies

by Liliana Drăgoi (Oniu), Marius-Mihai Cazacu and Iuliana-Gabriela Breabăn

Environments 2025, 12(10), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100373 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 423

Abstract

Strengthening air quality protection across the EU, Directive (EU) 2024/2881 sets stricter daily standards and alert thresholds for particulate matter, which become applicable in 2030. Member States must transpose these standards by 2027. This study retrospectively applies the new framework to daily data [...] Read more.

Strengthening air quality protection across the EU, Directive (EU) 2024/2881 sets stricter daily standards and alert thresholds for particulate matter, which become applicable in 2030. Member States must transpose these standards by 2027. This study retrospectively applies the new framework to daily data from three urban areas in Romania from 2019 to 2024. The objective is to evaluate the risks of noncompliance and test additional, more sensitive indicators of pollution severity and source characteristics. The results show that the new standards would cause the daily and annual limits for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ to be exceeded in at least two of the three analyzed cities. Three indicators are proposed and applied: (i) Excess Concentration (EC), which quantifies the total amount of daily exceedances of the limit value; (ii) Toxic Load Index (TLI), which integrates the PM_2.5/PM₁₀ ratio as a proxy for toxicological potential; and (iii) Episode Index (EI), which captures the magnitude and duration of episodes that would trigger alert thresholds. The study includes a summary review of the air quality legislative framework and contributes to public policy literature by emphasizing risk-proportionate interventions. The proposed indicators support a smoother transition to forthcoming European requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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25 pages, 1350 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Biological Impact of Eradication Measures for Xylella fastidiosa in Northern Portugal

by Talita Loureiro, Luís Serra, José Eduardo Pereira, Ângela Martins, Isabel Cortez and Patrícia Poeta

Environments 2025, 12(10), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100372 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 476

Abstract

Xylella fastidiosa was first detected in Portugal in 2019 in Lavandula dentata. In response, the national plant health authorities promptly established a Demarcated Zone in the affected area and implemented a series of eradication and control measures, including the systematic removal and [...] Read more.

Xylella fastidiosa was first detected in Portugal in 2019 in Lavandula dentata. In response, the national plant health authorities promptly established a Demarcated Zone in the affected area and implemented a series of eradication and control measures, including the systematic removal and destruction of infected and host plants. This study analyzes the economic and operational impacts of these eradication efforts in the northern region of Portugal, with a focus on Demarcated Zones such as the Porto Metropolitan Area, Sabrosa, Alijó, Baião, Mirandela, Mirandela II, and Bougado between 2019 and June 2023. During this period, about 412,500 plants were uprooted. The majority were Pteridium aquilinum (bracken fern), with 360,324 individuals (87.3%), reflecting its wide distribution and the large area affected. Olea europaea (olive tree) was the second most common species removed, with 7024 plants (1.7%), highlighting its economic relevance. Other notable species included Quercus robur (3511; 0.85%), Pelargonium graveolens (3509; 0.85%), and Rosa spp. (1106; 0.27%). Overall, destruction costs were estimated at about EUR 1.04 million, with replanting costs of roughly EUR 6.81 million. In parallel, prospection activities—conducted to detect early signs of infection and monitor disease spread—generated expenses of roughly EUR 5.94 million. While prospecting represents a significant financial investment, the results show that it is considerably more cost-effective than large-scale eradication. Prospection enables early detection and containment, preventing the widespread destruction of vegetation and minimizing disruption to agricultural production, biodiversity, and local communities. Importantly, our findings reveal a sharp decline in confirmed cases in the initial outbreak area—the Porto Demarcated Zone—from 124 cases in 2019 to just 5 in 2023, indicating the effectiveness of the eradication and monitoring measures implemented. However, the presence of 20 active Demarcated Zones across the country as of 2023 highlights the continued risk of spread and the need for sustained vigilance. The complexity of managing Xylella fastidiosa across ecologically and logistically diverse territories justifies the high costs associated with surveillance and targeted interventions. This study reinforces the strategic value of prospection as a proactive and sustainable tool for plant health management. Effective surveillance requires the integration of advanced methodologies aligned with the phenological stages of host plants and the biological cycle of vectors. Targeting high-risk locations, optimizing sample numbers, ensuring diagnostic accuracy, and maintaining continuous training for field teams are critical for improving efficiency and reducing costs. Ultimately, the findings underscore the need to refine and adapt monitoring and eradication strategies to contain the pathogen, safeguard agricultural systems, and prevent Xylella fastidiosa from becoming endemic in Portugal. Full article

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17 pages, 1961 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Quantification of the Negative Impact of Pesticide Use in an Agricultural Region of Mexico

by Víctor Manuel Ramos-Mata, Jorge Cadena-Íñiguez, Ismael Hernández-Ríos, Víctor Manuel Ruiz-Vera, Armando Sánchez-Macías, Brenda I. Trejo-Téllez and Ernesto Peredo-Rivera

Environments 2025, 12(10), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100371 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 418

Abstract

The continued use of agrochemicals in Valle de Arista, SLP, Mexico, has generated loss of effectiveness of active ingredients and impacts on public health and the environment. To identify environmental and socioeconomic impacts, a quantification method was designed using the Kovach Environmental Impact [...] Read more.

The continued use of agrochemicals in Valle de Arista, SLP, Mexico, has generated loss of effectiveness of active ingredients and impacts on public health and the environment. To identify environmental and socioeconomic impacts, a quantification method was designed using the Kovach Environmental Impact Quotient and environmental accounting of pesticides (Leach and Mumford) that included agricultural diagnosis and identification of agrochemical impacts. Producers, technical advisors and agrochemicals dealers were surveyed as key agents of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and chili pepper crops (Capsicum annuum) due to their economic importance. Gower quotation coefficients were calculated to measure similarity of quantitative, qualitative and dichotomous variables with continuous, discrete and binary characteristics. The use of fungicides (carbendazim and chlorothalonil) showed the greatest environmental impact, followed by insecticides (endosulfan and thiametoxam) and herbicides. The negative externality averaged US$15.60 ha⁻¹ annually, corresponding to 50% of tomato, 31.25% of poblano pepper and 18.75% of serrano pepper. Estimated damages due to the use of greenhouses were 37.7% to the consumer, 21.2% to the worker, 14.8% to aquatic life, 3.6% to birds, 9.2% to bees and 3.3% to insects. Full article

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24 pages, 11341 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phytoplankton Dynamics in a Large Lagoon: Nutrient Load Reductions, Climate Change, and Cold- and Heatwaves

by Gerald Schernewski, Maria Schneider, Thomas Neumann and Mario von Weber

Environments 2025, 12(10), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100370 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 523

Abstract

The coastal Oder/Szczecin Lagoon is subject to multiple external changes, particularly the reduction in external nutrient loads and the impacts of climate change, including rising temperatures and more frequent heatwaves. By combining monitoring data covering the past 40 years with 3D ecosystem modelling, [...] Read more.

The coastal Oder/Szczecin Lagoon is subject to multiple external changes, particularly the reduction in external nutrient loads and the impacts of climate change, including rising temperatures and more frequent heatwaves. By combining monitoring data covering the past 40 years with 3D ecosystem modelling, we assess changes in phytoplankton abundance and diversity across different temporal scales, ranging from long-term trends to the short-term effects. Despite strong reductions in external nutrient loads, neither the average annual phytoplankton biomass nor the long-term species composition changed significantly, although extreme summer blooms appear to have decreased. In summer, cyanobacteria, usually dominated by Microcystis, can reach a relative biovolume of up to 90%. Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) contribute up to 72% of the annual relative biovolume and dominate in spring. Both interannual and short-term variability in phytoplankton biomass and composition are pronounced. Heat- and coldwaves show no consistent immediate effects; however, results suggest that cyanobacteria, particularly Microcystis, benefit from hot summers. In contrast, diatoms appear less responsive to temperature, although they tend to contribute more in colder years, with distinct shifts in species composition observed between hot and cold springs. Model simulations indicate that a 1.5 °C increase in air temperature would, via elevated water temperatures, raise average monthly phytoplankton biomass by 4% in July and by 9% in August, further promoting cyanobacteria growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring and Assessment of Environmental Quality in Coastal Ecosystems, 4th Edition)

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14 pages, 294 KB

Open AccessArticle

Harnessing and Evaluating Almond Hulls and Shells for Bio-Based Products

by Ana T. Caeiro, Ricardo A. Costa, Duarte M. Neiva, Jéssica Silva, Rosalina Marrão, Albino Bento, Nuno Saraiva, Francisco Marques, Jorge Rebelo, André Encarnação and Jorge Gominho

Environments 2025, 12(10), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100369 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 567

Abstract

Almond hulls and shells, the byproducts of the almond industry, were analyzed to assess their potential valorization pathways. Shells showed a higher content in lignin and polysaccharides, but very low levels of extractives and inorganics. Hull’s high polar extractives fraction showed poor phenolic [...] Read more.

Almond hulls and shells, the byproducts of the almond industry, were analyzed to assess their potential valorization pathways. Shells showed a higher content in lignin and polysaccharides, but very low levels of extractives and inorganics. Hull’s high polar extractives fraction showed poor phenolic preponderance and antioxidant activity, but high sugar and mineral contents, and its lipophilic extracts were highly enriched in triterpenes (from 73.5% to 91.3%), while shells presented more fatty acids (27.4% to 34.2%) and sterols (17.4% to 29.1%). Shells exhibited much higher S/G ratio (syringyl to guaiacyl units) in their lignin polymer (1.0 to 1.4), compared to hulls (0.5 to 0.6). After mineral analyses, hulls showed high amounts of potassium (3.7–4.9%). Fixed carbon content was similar for both materials, but shells showed a higher energetic content, ~20 MJ/kg. Finally, both hulls and pellets increased the water holding capacity (WHC) of the soil by 50%, when added in weight percentages of 6.25% (hulls) and 25% (pellets). With these results, the range of possibilities for these waste materials is exciting: shells could be used to obtain hemicellulose oligosaccharides, while hulls could be used in sugar extraction for biotransformation or as a soil amendment. Full article

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15 pages, 2060 KB

Open AccessArticle

High Density of Microplastics in the Caddisfly Larvae Cases

by Eliana Barra, Francesco Cicero, Irene Magliocchetti, Patrizia Menegoni, Maria Sighicelli, Alberto Di Ludovico, Marco Le Foche and Loris Pietrelli

Environments 2025, 12(10), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100368 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 562

Abstract

This study aimed to assess the presence of microplastics (MPs) in an urban river (Gari, Lazio, Italy) using case-building caddisfly larvae as potential bioindicators. Results from the benthic faunal assemblage (STAR_ICMi = 0.797) revealed the presence of a rich and well-diversified macroinvertebrate community, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the presence of microplastics (MPs) in an urban river (Gari, Lazio, Italy) using case-building caddisfly larvae as potential bioindicators. Results from the benthic faunal assemblage (STAR_ICMi = 0.797) revealed the presence of a rich and well-diversified macroinvertebrate community, thus reflecting a suitable ecological status. Of 279 caddisfly cases collected, 26% contained small plastic particles of various shapes and colours, while 542 MP items per m² were found in their substrate. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most abundant polymers identified by FT-IR analysis found in the Gari River, while the co-presence of lower-density polymers such as polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) reflects the contribution of multiple factors controlling MP deposition. The most abundant MPs were of secondary origin, as evidenced by the Carbonyl Index and the predominant shape. Despite the amounts of MPs found in the Gari River, their ecological and chemical status has been classified as “good” during the monitoring campaigns. These results highlight the need to further investigate the environmental impacts of MPs to implement water quality classification indices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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21 pages, 2136 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Water from the Protected Natural Area Barranca de Metztitlán, Mexico, and Human Health and Ecological Risk

by Ariadna Y. Gamero-Vega, Rosa I. Beltrán-Hernández, Luz M. Del Razo, Iriana Zuria and Carlos A. Lucho Constantino

Environments 2025, 12(10), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100367 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 556

Abstract

Water is a critical resource for both environmental integrity and human health. This study assessed the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs)—Pb, Cd and Hg—in surface waters adjacent to six urban settlements within the Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Mexico. Ecological and [...] Read more.

Water is a critical resource for both environmental integrity and human health. This study assessed the concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs)—Pb, Cd and Hg—in surface waters adjacent to six urban settlements within the Barranca de Metztitlán Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Mexico. Ecological and health risks were evaluated for vulnerable groups, including children, adolescents, and the elderly. Cd and Hg water concentrations surpassed the national and international water quality criteria at three locations. Ecological and health risk analysis of Pb was not conducted as Pb concentrations were below LOD (0.02 ppm). Ecological risk analysis revealed a low potential risk for Cd exposure but a high risk for Hg at its highest concentration in the reserve. Health risk assessment revealed that Cd and Hg pose a non-carcinogenic risk, particularly to children under three years old. Hazard quotients (HQ) and cumulative risk indices (HI) exceeded safe thresholds at multiple sites. Infants (0–11 months) were the most susceptible, even at contaminant levels near detection limits. These findings emphasize the importance of routine monitoring and early intervention strategies to mitigate exposure risks, especially in vulnerable populations within the MBR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Pollution Risk Assessment)

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15 pages, 1480 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Vermicompost Tea on Metabolic Profile of Diplotaxis muralis: An NMR Spectroscopic Analysis

by Sami ur Rehman, Federica De Castro, Alessio Aprile, Michele Benedetti and Francesco Paolo Fanizzi

Environments 2025, 12(10), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100366 - 8 Oct 2025

Viewed by 462

Abstract

Recently, we reported the efficacy of organic nutrient solutions in supporting the hydroponic cultivation of Diplotaxis muralis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of standard and enhanced vermitea formulations, compared to the conventional Hoagland solution, on phytochemical and [...] Read more.

Recently, we reported the efficacy of organic nutrient solutions in supporting the hydroponic cultivation of Diplotaxis muralis. The aim of this study was to elucidate the influence of standard and enhanced vermitea formulations, compared to the conventional Hoagland solution, on phytochemical and metabolomic changes in D. muralis. Using NMR-based metabolomics and multivariate analysis, we observed significant metabolite variation among treatments. Both vermitea formulations increased the levels of acetate, alanine, and 2-oxoglutarate, and boosted the biosynthesis of key secondary metabolites, including methoxy flavonoids and glucosinolates. The standard vermitea treatment further resulted in a higher accumulation of leucine and citrate, while the Hoagland solution induced higher glucose concentrations. Enhanced vermitea improved copper and zinc uptake, positively correlating with methoxy flavonoid production. In contrast, the higher phosphorus and potassium content of the Hoagland solution correlated with increased glucose levels in D. muralis. Metabolite profiling coupled with multivariate analysis identified the enhanced vermitea as the best alternative to chemical nutrient solution for improving the nutritional and phytochemical quality of D. muralis leaves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Remediation and Improvement Through the Application of By-Product Amendments, 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1748 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastic Ingestion from Contaminated Prey in the Bearded Fireworm Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766): Evidence for Rapid Excretion and Low Degradation

by Valentina Ferrari, Roberto Simonini, Carola Murano, Daniela Prevedelli and Elisa Bergami

Environments 2025, 12(10), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100365 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 544

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread contaminants in seabeds, where they are bioavailable to benthic organisms including polychaetes. Among them, the bearded fireworm represents a potential target for MP, given its opportunistic predatory and scavenging habits, reaching high densities and displaying a wide expansion range [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) are widespread contaminants in seabeds, where they are bioavailable to benthic organisms including polychaetes. Among them, the bearded fireworm represents a potential target for MP, given its opportunistic predatory and scavenging habits, reaching high densities and displaying a wide expansion range in the Mediterranean Sea. In this pilot bench-scale study, we investigated MP ingestion and egestion in this species through a simplified two-level trophic chain, using mussels as prey. Mediterranean mussels were first exposed to fluorescently labelled polystyrene microspheres (micro-PS, nominal size of 10 µm) and offered to fireworms. Within three days, fireworm faecal pellets, intestines, and body fluids were collected and digested to quantify MP. In-depth microscopy analyses were carried out to evaluate potential chemical and physical alterations of MPs during gut passage. Minimal retention of MPs in fireworm tissues was observed, while faecal pellets contained substantial quantities of micro-PS. Despite most MPs exhibiting negligible chemical changes, they were covered by faecal matter and colonised by bacteria, with minor surface alterations. Our findings provide the first evidence of MP trophic transfer from a filter feeder to a carnivorous polychaete. The rapid excretion of MPs by bearded fireworms gives insights into polychaete-mediated MP fluxes and MP fate in benthic ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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16 pages, 522 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Industrial Odour and Psychosocial Wellbeing: A Systematic Review

by Joselin Mckittrick, Nyssa Hadgraft, Kara L. Fry, Antti T. Mikkonen and Suzanne Mavoa

Environments 2025, 12(10), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100364 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 492

Abstract

Industrial odour is a common pollution concern raised with local regulatory authorities, with communities citing impacts to their mental health and wellbeing. We performed a systematic review to determine if industrial odours are associated with psychosocial wellbeing in nearby communities. PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, [...] Read more.

Industrial odour is a common pollution concern raised with local regulatory authorities, with communities citing impacts to their mental health and wellbeing. We performed a systematic review to determine if industrial odours are associated with psychosocial wellbeing in nearby communities. PubMed, Medline, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were searched for peer-reviewed articles published between 2003 and 2023, assessing associations between industrial odour and psychosocial wellbeing (mental health or quality of life). Critical appraisal of the studies was conducted using JBI’s assessment tools. We undertook a narrative synthesis of results. After screening, 13 articles met the inclusion criteria: 11 cross-sectional and 2 longitudinal studies. Sample sizes ranged from 23 to 25,236 participants. Odour exposure was assessed through self-reported measures (intensity, annoyance) and objective measures (proximity to source, odorous chemical concentration). Psychosocial health outcomes included stress, psychological distress, quality of life, depression and anxiety. Of the 13 studies, 11 identified an association between odour exposure and poorer psychosocial wellbeing, with the strongest evidence relating to quality of life. However, the critical appraisal identified quality issues with most studies. The findings suggest that industrial odours may be associated with poorer psychosocial wellbeing for nearby residents, particularly in terms of quality of life. Future research using consistent objective and subjective measures of odour exposure, and prospective data collection, would strengthen the quality of the evidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environments: 10 Years of Science Together)

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33 pages, 2702 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Variability of Soil Physicochemical Properties, Potentially Toxic Elements, and PAHs in Crude Oil-Impacted Environments: Chemometric Analysis and Health Risk Assessment

by Victoria Koshofa Akinkpelumi, Chika Maurine Ossai, Prosper Manu Abdulai, Joaquim Rovira, Chiara Frazzoli and Orish Ebere Orisakwe

Environments 2025, 12(10), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100363 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 582

Abstract

Crude oil exploration and transportation have led to significant soil contamination in nearby communities, yet seasonal and depth-related variations remain poorly understood. This study assessed physicochemical properties, potentially toxic elements, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) soils [...] Read more.

Crude oil exploration and transportation have led to significant soil contamination in nearby communities, yet seasonal and depth-related variations remain poorly understood. This study assessed physicochemical properties, potentially toxic elements, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–30 cm) soils from the Ibaa community and its pipeline Right of Way (ROW) in Rivers State, Nigeria. Samples were collected during wet and dry seasons from five locations, and analyses were conducted using standard methods. Results showed that soil temperature ranged from 27.5 to 31.2 °C, reflecting natural environmental conditions, while nitrate concentrations (1.23–3.45 mg/kg) and moisture content (14.3–23.9%) were within acceptable WHO limits. The pH values (4.61–5.72) suggested acidic conditions, particularly in the unremediated areas. Total Organic Carbon exceeded 3%, with a maximum of 6.23% recorded in the wet season, suggesting persistent hydrocarbon contamination. Phosphorus levels (2.65–6.02 mg/kg) were below the 15 mg/kg threshold. Notably, As (4.93 mg/kg) and Cd (1.67 mg/kg) concentrations exceeded the permissible WHO limits. Positive correlations were observed between As–Cd (r = 0.79), Cd–Cu (r = 0.85), and Pb–Cu (r = 0.64). Principal Component Analysis identified four components for physicochemical parameters (81.9% variance) and two for metals (82.6% variance), suggesting crude oil combustion and vehicular emissions as dominant pollution sources. Pb also correlated significantly with total PAHs in the dry season (r = 0.54, p < 0.05). The study highlights the influence of season and depth on contaminant behavior and emphasizes the urgent need for remediation and monitoring to mitigate ecological and public health risks. Full article

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19 pages, 587 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Environmental and Human Health Risks from Heavy Metal Contamination in Community Garden Soils Affected by an Industrial Fire Hazard in New Brunswick, Canada

by Hassan Ikrema, Innocent Mugudamani and Saheed Adeyinka Oke

Environments 2025, 12(10), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100362 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 588

Abstract

Urban community gardens are valued for promoting sustainable food production, yet the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in city soils can present both ecological and public health risks. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the environmental and health risks of toxic heavy [...] Read more.

Urban community gardens are valued for promoting sustainable food production, yet the accumulation of toxic heavy metals in city soils can present both ecological and public health risks. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the environmental and health risks of toxic heavy metals in community gardens soil contaminated by an industrial fire hazard in New Brunswick, Canada. Both top and subsoil soil samples were collected at Carleton community garden. The collected samples were examined for toxic heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Ecological risks were evaluated through the ecological risk factor and the potential ecological risk index, while human health risks were determined using a standard human health risk assessment approach. The mean concentration of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Sn exceeded permissible limits when compared to the Canadian soil quality guidelines and upper continental crust values. Findings from the ecological risk assessment showed that all metals were associated with low risk, except for nickel, which posed a high ecological risk across both soil layers. PERI results revealed a low overall ecological threat. The human health risk analysis indicated that children could face non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from As exposure, while adults were not at risk from any of the studied metals. These findings identify arsenic as the primary contaminant of concern, with children representing the most vulnerable population, emphasizing the necessity for targeted mitigation strategies and protective measures to reduce their exposure. The results of this study can inform interventions aimed at safeguarding both environmental and public health, while also raising awareness about the presence and risks of toxic heavy metals, ultimately contributing to the protection of human health and the broader ecosystem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Soil Contamination and Remediation)

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12 pages, 1354 KB

Open AccessArticle

Street Planted Trees Alter Leaf Functional Traits to Maintain Their Photosynthetic Activity

by Nicole Dziedzic, Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler and Ahram Cho

Environments 2025, 12(10), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100361 - 7 Oct 2025

Viewed by 471

Abstract

Urban expansion alters environmental conditions, influencing tree physiology and performance. Urban trees provide cooling, sequester carbon, support biodiversity, filter contaminants, and enhance human health. This study examines how two common urban trees—Norway Maple (Acer platanoides L.) and Little-leaved Linden (Tilia cordata [...] Read more.

Urban expansion alters environmental conditions, influencing tree physiology and performance. Urban trees provide cooling, sequester carbon, support biodiversity, filter contaminants, and enhance human health. This study examines how two common urban trees—Norway Maple (Acer platanoides L.) and Little-leaved Linden (Tilia cordata Mill.)—respond to urban site conditions by assessing leaf morphology, stomatal, and gas exchange traits across street and urban park sites in Chicago, IL. Street trees exhibited structural trait adjustments, including smaller leaf area, reduced specific leaf area, and increased stomatal density, potentially reflecting acclimation to more compact and impervious conditions. Norway Maple showed stable photosynthetic assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (g_s), and transpiration (E) across sites, alongside higher intrinsic water-use efficiency (_iWUE), indicating a conservative water-use strategy. In contrast, Little-leaved Linden maintained A and g_s but showed elevated E and _iWUE at street sites, suggesting adaptive shifts in water-use dynamics under street microenvironments. These findings highlight how species-specific physiological strategies and local site conditions interact to shape tree function in cities and underscore the importance of incorporating functional traits into urban forestry planning to improve ecosystem services and climate resilience. Full article

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15 pages, 970 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Does Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Bioaccumulate and Translocate Cr, Cu, Pb, As, Cd, Hg, and Zn in Polluted Soils?

by Volodymyr Laptiev, Michelle Giltrap, Furong Tian and Nataliia Ryzhenko

Environments 2025, 12(10), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12100360 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

The present study is aimed at assessing the bioaccumulation and translocation of Cr, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn in the soil–plant system (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and characterising soil contamination in the anthropogenic zone of Dnipro, a major industrial and economic [...] Read more.

The present study is aimed at assessing the bioaccumulation and translocation of Cr, Cu, As, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn in the soil–plant system (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) and characterising soil contamination in the anthropogenic zone of Dnipro, a major industrial and economic centre of Ukraine, using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Analysis of the obtained values of the geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor showed that the sources of origin differ between the studied plots, with some plots showing natural origin and others showing anthropogenic origin. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. can be recommended for phytoextraction of soils contaminated with Zn, Cu, and Cr, as well as for phytostabilization of soils contaminated with Pb. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coping with Climate Change: Fate of Nutrients and Pollutants in Soil)

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