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Volume 12
Issue 5
10.3390/environments12050135
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Review

A Review on Global Recovery Policy of Used Lubricating Oils and Their Effects on the Environment and Circular Economy

by
Catherine Cabrera-Escobar
,
Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez
*,
Rubén Rodríguez-Moreno
,
Emilio Pájaro-Velázquez
,
Fátima Calderay-Cayetano
and
Vanesa Durán-Grados
Departamento de Máquinas y Motores Térmicos, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Cádiz, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Environments 2025, 12(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050135
Submission received: 25 February 2025 / Revised: 18 April 2025 / Accepted: 21 April 2025 / Published: 23 April 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

This manuscript underscores the significance of converting and reusing lubricating oils for dual purposes as both lubricants and fuels. This approach not only benefits the environment, but also contributes to the circular economy. To this end, this article conducts a review and delves into the applications and re-refining techniques employed to recover lubricating oil from waste lubricating oil (WLO). A global overview of waste oil recycling and political feasibility in the marketplace is presented, highlighting country-specific preferences for reusing such oils. Moreover, this manuscript analyzes several studies that utilize recycled oil as fuel in thermal equipment, including diesel engines. The findings indicate that CO emissions increased incrementally under both low- (from 3.22% to 21.23%) and high-load conditions (from 6.6% to 18.2%) compared to diesel fuel. Another study reveals that 10% and 20% blends of transformer oil and diesel exhibit lower fuel consumption than diesel fuel at high loads. In all the cases examined, WLO demonstrated slightly higher emission levels than marine diesel oil (MDO), yet lower than those observed with heavy fuel oil (HFO).
Keywords: circular economy; waste lubricating oil; policy used lubricating oils; fuel; lubrication oil circular economy; waste lubricating oil; policy used lubricating oils; fuel; lubrication oil

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cabrera-Escobar, C.; Moreno-Gutiérrez, J.; Rodríguez-Moreno, R.; Pájaro-Velázquez, E.; Calderay-Cayetano, F.; Durán-Grados, V. A Review on Global Recovery Policy of Used Lubricating Oils and Their Effects on the Environment and Circular Economy. Environments 2025, 12, 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050135

AMA Style

Cabrera-Escobar C, Moreno-Gutiérrez J, Rodríguez-Moreno R, Pájaro-Velázquez E, Calderay-Cayetano F, Durán-Grados V. A Review on Global Recovery Policy of Used Lubricating Oils and Their Effects on the Environment and Circular Economy. Environments. 2025; 12(5):135. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050135

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cabrera-Escobar, Catherine, Juan Moreno-Gutiérrez, Rubén Rodríguez-Moreno, Emilio Pájaro-Velázquez, Fátima Calderay-Cayetano, and Vanesa Durán-Grados. 2025. "A Review on Global Recovery Policy of Used Lubricating Oils and Their Effects on the Environment and Circular Economy" Environments 12, no. 5: 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050135

APA Style

Cabrera-Escobar, C., Moreno-Gutiérrez, J., Rodríguez-Moreno, R., Pájaro-Velázquez, E., Calderay-Cayetano, F., & Durán-Grados, V. (2025). A Review on Global Recovery Policy of Used Lubricating Oils and Their Effects on the Environment and Circular Economy. Environments, 12(5), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12050135

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