Framework for Assessment of Eco-Safe Rural Roads in Panchase Geographic Region in Central–Western Nepal Hills
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Eco-Safe Rural Roads—Concept and Definition
1.3. Review of Existing NbS Assessment Frameworks
- (i)
- Identifying the problem to be addressed or opportunity to be taken;
- (ii)
- Selecting and assessing NbS and related actions;
- (iii)
- Designing NbS implementation processes;
- (iv)
- Implementing NbS;
- (v)
- Frequently engaging stakeholders and communicating co-benefits;
- (vi)
- Transferring and upscaling NbS;
- (vii)
- Monitoring and evaluating the benefits.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Strategy
2.2. Case Study
2.2.1. Baseline
2.2.2. Objectives
2.2.3. Selection, Design, and Implementation of NbS Techniques
2.2.4. Monitoring and Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Rural Road and Landslides in Phewa Watershed of Panchase Region
3.2. KPI of the Plant Species
3.3. Proposed Eco-Safe Rural Road Assessment Framework
- Define the problems to be addressed (baseline);
- Establish the eco-safe road objectives;
- Identify suitable NbS measures and alternatives for eco-safe rural roads;
- Implement the eco-safe rural road plan;
- Establish an awareness and communication plan;
- Mobilize the community for implementation and upscaling;
- Establish monitoring and evaluation plan and follow-up.
- Identify and evaluate available (digital) data (e.g., DEM, RS images);
- Assess rural road alignment:
- ○
- Map the unstable and shallow landslides failure;
- ○
- Assess the drainage patterns;
- Identify and evaluate the soil physical properties and soil depth to bed rock;
- Evaluate the rainfall intensity through the regional IDF model and assess the soil moisture considering the antecedent rainfall and rainy days;
- Implement the infinite-slope stability model considering the rainfall-induced saturation depth to better understand the most unstable locations and the road alignment passing through.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author(s) | Challenges | Scale | Type of NbS | Aim | Approach and Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EEA [28] | DRR (CC-related hazards, landslides) | L, R | Intervention of green infrastructures to mitigate extreme weather and climate-related events such as landslides | To assess the hazard potential due to extreme weather and identify GI elements, pursued at landscape scale with a focus on rural environments | To assess conditions of ecosystem services, evaluate hazard level (high, medium, and low) and prepare hazard map, and design and implement GI to mitigate/reduce the impact of disaster risks |
Raymond et al. [42] | CCM and CCA, WRM, GI, PPG, UR | U | No specific measures assessed, reference to wider categories of ecosystem-based approaches, and green–blue infrastructures such as ES, ecological engineering, ecosystem-based management | To assess the NbS through economic, environmental, and social co-benefits and cost analysis | For each challenge, potential NbS are identified together with expected impacts, indicators of impacts, related metrics, and assessment methods |
Van Wesenbeek et al. [37] | DRR (flood) | L, R | Interventions implying managing the present ecosystem or activity intervening on/creating new ecosystem | To provide guidance for planning, assessing, designing, implementing, monitoring, managing, and evaluating the NbS | Flood risk management project cycle |
Mickovski and Thomson [31] | Sustainability assessment of eco-engineering | L, R | To assess the sustainability of eco-engineering measures | To develop a framework for the sustainability assessment of eco-engineering measures | Bench marking of key performances indicators (KPIs) through sustainable assessment method (SAM) |
Calliari et al. [35] | DRR (CC-related hazards) | L, R | No specific measures assessed, regulation and maintenance, provisioning and cultural services | To assess direct benefits/costs and co-benefits/costs | To assess baseline, backcasting, and setting the criteria to evaluate alternatives |
Demonstration Site/Local Species Name | Species Name | Plantation Area (m2) | Number of Saplings | Spacing, Horizontal:Vertical (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gharelu | ~1210 | |||
Urlo-Khar | Cymbopogon microtheca | 450 | 4500 | 10:100 |
Nepiyar | Penniseluim purpurreum | 300 | 3000 | 10:100 |
Salim-Khar | Chirysopogon gryllus | 200 | 2000 | 10:100 |
Amriso | Thysanalana maxima | 260 | 1050 | 30:100 |
Tilahar | ~620 | |||
Urlo-Khar | C. microtheca | 120 | 1200 | 10:100 |
Nepiyar | P. purpurreum | 50 | 500 | 10:100 |
Salim-Khar | C. gryllus | 75 | 750 | 10:100 |
Amriso | T. maxima | 375 | 1500 | 30:100 |
Bhatkhola/Saunepani | ~156 | |||
Urlo-Khar | C. microtheca | 25 | 250 | 10:100 |
Nepiyar | P. purpurreum | 18 | 180 | 10:100 |
Salim-Khar | C. gryllus | 15 | 150 | 10:100 |
Amriso | T. maxima | 98 | 390 | 30:100 |
Species Local Name | Species Name | Survival (%) | Canopy Cover (%) | Biom-s-Dry (kg) | Biom-r-Dry (kg) | RAR-Deep | RAR-Shallow | Rooting Depth (cm) | Tr (MPa) | cr (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vetiver | C. zizanioides | 80.00 | 70.57 | 0.83 | 0.32 | 0.0018 | 0.0241 | 0–100 | 45.4 | 14.08 |
Urlo-Khar | C. microtheca | 78.67 | 48.33 | 0.63 | 0.33 | 0.0018 | 0.0092 | 0–50 | 24.11 | 7.48 |
Babiyo | P. purpurreum | 81.33 | 86.67 | 0.78 | 0.54 | 0.0001 | 0.0128 | 0–30 | 18.25 | 5.66 |
Nepiyar | C. gryllus | 76.00 | 60.27 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.0004 | 0.0082 | 0–30 | 25.28 | 7.84 |
Salim-Khar | E. binata | 66.67 | 51.43 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.0003 | 0.0104 | 0–50 | 23.1 | 7.17 |
Kans | D. bipinnata | 65.33 | 29.70 | 0.26 | 0.19 | 0.0006 | 0.0119 | 0–30 | 20.24 | 6.28 |
Kush | S. spontaneum | 72.00 | 41.10 | 0.33 | 0.15 | 0.0010 | 0.0084 | 0–30 | 21.53 | 6.68 |
Amriso | T. maxima | 70.67 | 78.63 | 0.62 | 0.30 | 0.0099 | 0.0657 | 0–80 | 26.65 | 8.27 |
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Devkota, S.; Shakya, N.M.; Sudmeier-Rieux, K. Framework for Assessment of Eco-Safe Rural Roads in Panchase Geographic Region in Central–Western Nepal Hills. Environments 2019, 6, 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060059
Devkota S, Shakya NM, Sudmeier-Rieux K. Framework for Assessment of Eco-Safe Rural Roads in Panchase Geographic Region in Central–Western Nepal Hills. Environments. 2019; 6(6):59. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060059
Chicago/Turabian StyleDevkota, Sanjaya, Narendra Man Shakya, and Karen Sudmeier-Rieux. 2019. "Framework for Assessment of Eco-Safe Rural Roads in Panchase Geographic Region in Central–Western Nepal Hills" Environments 6, no. 6: 59. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments6060059