Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Natural, Synthetic and Modified Clays
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents
2.2. Adsorbent Materials: Description and Synthesis
2.3. Characterization Methods
2.3.1. X-ray Diffraction
2.3.2. Zeta Potential
2.3.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
2.4. Adsorption Batch Experiments
2.5. PAHs Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Mt, ODA-Mt and ODTMA-Mt
3.1.1. X-ray Diffraction
3.1.2. Zeta Potential
3.1.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.2. Characterization of Na-Mica-4, ODA-Mica-4 and ODTMA-Mica-4
3.2.1. X-ray Diffraction
3.2.2. Zeta Potential
3.2.3. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
3.3. Adsorption of PAHs
3.3.1. Adsorption onto Mt, ODA-Mt, and ODTMA-Mt
3.3.2. Adsorption onto Na-Mica-4, ODA-Mica-4, and ODTMA-Mica-4
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAH | Molecular Structure | Molecular Weight (g/mol) | Solubility in Water at 25 °C (µg/L) | Melting-Point (°C) | Boiling-Point (°C) | Vapor Pressure (Pa at 25 °C) | Log Kow |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Naphthalene | | 128.2 | 3.17 × 104 | 81 | 217.9 | 10.4 | 3.4 |
Acenaphthene | | 154.2 | 3.93 × 103 | 95 | 279 | 2.9 × 10−1 | 3.92 |
Fluorene | | 166.2 | 1.98 × 103 | 115–116 | 295 | 8.0 × 10−2 | 4.18 |
Phenanthrene | | 178.2 | 1.29 × 103 | 100.5 | 340 | 1.6 × 10−2 | 4.6 |
Anthracene | | 178.2 | 73 | 216.4 | 342 | 8.0 × 10−4 | 4.5 |
Fluoranthene | | 202.3 | 260 | 108.8 | 375 | 1.2 × 10−3 | 5.22 |
Pyrene | | 203.3 | 135 | 150.4 | 393 | 6.0 × 10−4 | 5.18 |
Benzo(a)anthracene | | 228.3 | 14 | 160.7 | 400 | 2.8 × 10−5 | 5.61 |
Chrysene | | 228.3 | 2.0 | 253.8 | 448 | 8.4 × 10−5 (20 °C) | 5.9 |
Benzo(b)fluoranthene | | 252.3 | 1.2 (20 °C) | 168.3 | 481 | 6.7 × 10−5 (20 °C) | 6.12 |
Benzo(k)fluoranthene | | 252.3 | 0.76 | 215.7 | 480 | 1.3 × 10−8 (20 °C) | 6.84 |
Benzo(a)pyrene | | 252.3 | 3.8 | 178.1 | 496 | 7.3 × 10−7 | 6.50 |
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene | | 278.4 | 0.5 (27 °C) | 266.6 | 524 | 1.3 × 10−8 (20 °C) | 6.50 |
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene | | 276.3 | 0.26 | 278.3 | 545 | 1.4 × 10−8 | 7.10 |
Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene | | 276.3 | 62 | 163.6 | 536 | 1.3 × 10−8 (20 °C) | 6.58 |
PAH | λex/λem | DAD | Fl | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LOD (ng/mL) | LOQ (ng/mL) | LOD (ng/mL) | LOQ (ng/mL) | ||
Naph | 280/330 | 7.50 | 25.0 | 1.50 | 5.00 |
Ace + Fluo | 280/330 | 33.0 | 110 | 0.03 | 11.0 |
Phen | 246/370 | 0.60 | 2.00 | 0.12 | 0.40 |
Ant | 250/406 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
Flt | 280/450 | 0.75 | 2.50 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
Pyr | 270/390 | 1.50 | 5.00 | 0.30 | 1.00 |
BaA | 265/380 | 0.75 | 2.50 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
Chry | 265/380 | 0.75 | 2.50 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
BbF | 290/430 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
BkF | 290/430 | 0.30 | 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.20 |
BaP | 290/430 | 0.75 | 2.50 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
DahA | 290/410 | 3.00 | 10.0 | 0.60 | 2.00 |
BghiP | 290/410 | 1.20 | 4.00 | 0.24 | 0.80 |
IcdP | 300/500 | 0.75 | 2.50 | 0.15 | 0.50 |
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Satouh, S.; Martín, J.; Orta, M.d.M.; Medina-Carrasco, S.; Messikh, N.; Bougdah, N.; Santos, J.L.; Aparicio, I.; Alonso, E. Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Natural, Synthetic and Modified Clays. Environments 2021, 8, 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8110124
Satouh S, Martín J, Orta MdM, Medina-Carrasco S, Messikh N, Bougdah N, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Natural, Synthetic and Modified Clays. Environments. 2021; 8(11):124. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8110124
Chicago/Turabian StyleSatouh, Sara, Julia Martín, María del Mar Orta, Santiago Medina-Carrasco, Nabil Messikh, Nabil Bougdah, Juan Luis Santos, Irene Aparicio, and Esteban Alonso. 2021. "Adsorption of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Natural, Synthetic and Modified Clays" Environments 8, no. 11: 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments8110124