Free or Protein-Bound Microcystin Accumulation by Freshwater Bivalves as a Tool to Evaluate Water Contamination by Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biological Materials
2.1.1. Anodonta anatina
2.1.2. Dreissena polymorpha
2.1.3. Cyanobacteria
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Measurement of Cyanobacteria and MC Ingestion by Bivalves
2.4. Quantification of Free MC by ELISA
2.4.1. Quantification of Free MC in Cyanobacterial Cultures
2.4.2. Quantification of Free MC in Bivalves’ Tissues
2.5. Quantification of Total MC in Bivalve Tissues by LC-MS/MS
2.5.1. Extraction of Total MC
2.5.2. LC-MS/MS Analysis
2.6. Calculation of MC Exposure, Percentage of Accumulation and Condition Index
2.7. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Condition Index and Mortality
3.2. Ingestion of MC-Producing Cyanobacteria P. agardhii
3.3. Accumulation and Elimination of Free and Total MC by A. anatina
3.4. Accumulation and Elimination of Free and Total MC by D. polymorpha
3.5. Accumulation Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Potential Use of the Two Bivalves as Bioindicators of the Presence of MC-Producing Cyanobacteria in Fresh Waters
4.2. Which MC Fraction, Free or Total, in Mussel Tissues Best Reveals the Level and Dynamic of MC-Producing Cyanobacteria in Fresh Waters?
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tissue | Exposure Concentration (µg MC/L) | Total MC Concentrations (µg MC/g DW) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exposure | Depuration | ||||
3 | 7 | 21 | 3 | ||
A. anatina (whole mussel) | 1 | 9.4 ± 8.9 | 10.7 ± 9.5 | 9.0 ± 4.7 | 5.8 ± 5.0 |
10 | ND | 14.1 ± 8.8 | 5.0 ± 1.6 | 10.4 ± 4.55 | |
100 | 4.95 ± 2.5 | 6.5 ± 3.1 | 2.8 ± 1.7 | 11.2 ± 6.8 | |
D. polymorpha (digestive gland) | 1 | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
10 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.75 ± 0.1 | 3.4 ± 0.1 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | |
100 | ND | 1.3 ± 0.7 | 14.15 ± 7.4 | 12.15 ± 7.6 |
Species | Exposure Concentration | Day | Cum % acc | Time | Amount of Ingested MC (ng)/Mussel between Two Sampling Times | Amount of MC Accumulated (ng) between the Same Sampling Times | Temp % acc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. anatina | 10 µg MC/L | E1 | ND | E1–E0 | ND | ND | ND |
E3 | 38.8 ± 16.5 | E3–E1 | ND | ND | ND | ||
E7 | 7.3 ± 1.3 | E7–E3 | 5525.6 | −742.4 | −13.4 | ||
E14 | 21.2 ± 6.0 | E14–E7 | 13,602.3 | 4158.55 | 30.6 | ||
E21 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | E21–E14 | 6375.4 | −4427.7 | −69.45 | ||
100 µg MC/L | E1 | 61.6 ± 25.35 | E1–E0 | 11,110.7 | 6845.4 | 61.6 | |
E3 | 13.4 ± 4.8 | E3–E1 | 4620.3 | −4742.0 | −102.6 | ||
E7 | 10.6 ± 7.3 | E7–E3 | 37,604.7 | 3567.5 | 9.5 | ||
E14 | 12.4 ± 2.3 | E14–E7 | 28,854.05 | 4499.9 | 15.6 | ||
E21 | 3.3 ± 0.3 | E21–E14 | 53,921.5 | −1222.3 | −0.6 | ||
D. polymorpha | 10 µg MC/L | E1 | 0.2 ± 0.2 | E1–E0 | 745.8 | 1.6 | 0.2 |
E3 | ND | E3–E1 | 3327.6 | −1.6 | −0.05 | ||
E7 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | E7–E3 | 24,670.0 | 16.8 | 0.1 | ||
E14 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | E14–E7 | 14,366.2 | 3.3 | 0.02 | ||
E21 | 0.2 ± 0.05 | E21–E14 | 18,644.35 | 72.8 | 0.6 | ||
100 µg MC/L | E1 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | E1–E0 | 2639.1 | 2.1 | 0.1 | |
E3 | 0.05 ± 0.02 | E3–E1 | 12,449.7 | 4.8 | 0.04 | ||
E7 | 0.04 ± 0.03 | E7–E3 | 64,256.7 | 27.6 | 0.04 | ||
E14 | 0.1 ± 0.03 | E14–E7 | 49,661.9 | 63.0 | 0.1 | ||
E21 | 0.1 ± 0.04 | E21–E14 | 50,245.35 | 10.8 | 0.02 |
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Lepoutre, A.; Grilot, T.; Jean, S.; Geffard, A.; Lance, E. Free or Protein-Bound Microcystin Accumulation by Freshwater Bivalves as a Tool to Evaluate Water Contamination by Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria? Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103426
Lepoutre A, Grilot T, Jean S, Geffard A, Lance E. Free or Protein-Bound Microcystin Accumulation by Freshwater Bivalves as a Tool to Evaluate Water Contamination by Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria? Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(10):3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103426
Chicago/Turabian StyleLepoutre, Alexandra, Théo Grilot, Sarah Jean, Alain Geffard, and Emilie Lance. 2020. "Free or Protein-Bound Microcystin Accumulation by Freshwater Bivalves as a Tool to Evaluate Water Contamination by Microcystin-Producing Cyanobacteria?" Applied Sciences 10, no. 10: 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10103426