Assessment of Strength Development at Hardened Stage on High-Strength Concrete Using NDT
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Procedure
2.1. Materials
2.2. Experimental Design and Mix Proportions
2.3. Experimental Methods
2.3.1. Casting and Curing of Concrete Specimens
2.3.2. Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete
2.3.3. Temperature History and Maturity of Concrete
2.3.4. Rebound Test and Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Estimation of Concrete Specimens
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete
3.2. Temperature History and Maturity of Concrete
3.3. Results of NDT of Concrete
3.4. Discussion on Regression Equation of Concrete Strength Based on NDT
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Overall, the core specimens exhibited higher compressive strengths than the cylinder mold specimens. As the W/C decreased, the maturity of concrete increased, thereby resulting in an increase in the maximum temperature history. Owing to the difference in maturity, the strengths of the core specimens were 5–10% higher than those of the cylinder molds, caused by differences in the initial temperature history.
- (2)
- The ultrasonic pulse velocity and rebound value increased until 7–14 days of age, but converged in a manner similar to that of the rebound value after 14 days. This appears to be due to the surface conditions and soundness of the internal structure.
- (3)
- The relationship between the rebound value and ultrasonic pulse velocity shows a parabolic correlation, but it is a low correlation of R2 = 0.68, and the difference is found to be larger with increasing compressive strength of concrete.
- (4)
- When the existing regression equations were compared and examined, we found that their values were within the ±20% error range for strengths <40 MPa, but their reliability significantly decreased for higher strengths over 40 MPa. Therefore, this study proposed a regression equation that can converge 40 MPa or more of experimental data, and has a reliability of ±20% error range in the range of 24–65 MPa compared with a previous study.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Material | Property |
---|---|
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) | ASTM Type I OPC Fineness: 320 m2/kg, density: 3150 kg/m3 |
Fine aggregate | Washed sea sand Fineness modulus: 2.90, absorption: 1.00%, density: 2590 kg/m3 |
Coarse aggregate | Crushed granite aggregate Size: 25 mm, absorption: 0.90%, density: 2600 kg/m3 |
Chemical admixture | Polycarboxylate (PC)-based superplasticizer with retarder |
Materials | Chemical Composition (%) | Loss on Ignition (LOI) 2 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | SO3 | K2O | Others | ||
OPC 1 | 60.34 | 19.82 | 4.85 | 3.83 | 3.30 | 2.90 | 1.08 | 0.86 | 3.02 |
Specimen ID | Water/Cement Ratios (W/C) | Curing Condition | Test Parameter |
---|---|---|---|
WC 48 WC 41 WC 33 | 0.48 0.41 0.33 | Casting specimens (water-curing after 1 d) Mock-up (air-curing) |
|
Specimen ID | W/C 1 | S/a 2 (%) | Unit Weight (kg/m3) | PC 7 (C × Wt%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W 3 | C 4 | S 5 | G 6 | ||||
WC 48 | 0.48 | 48.0 | 165 | 340 | 863 | 938 | 0.8 |
WC 41 | 0.41 | 46.0 | 165 | 400 | 802 | 945 | 0.8 |
WC 33 | 0.33 | 43.0 | 165 | 500 | 714 | 950 | 0.8 |
Type | Evaluation Parameter | Test Method |
---|---|---|
Engineering property analysis | Slump (mm) | ASTM C143 [36] |
Air content (%) | ASTM C231 [37] | |
Compressive strength (MPa) | ASTM C873 [38] | |
ASTM C39 [39] |
Type | Evaluation Parameter | Test Method |
---|---|---|
NDT | Rebound test (R) | ASTM C805 [41] |
Ultrasonic pulse velocity (km/s) | ASTM C597 [42] |
Mix No. | Slump (mm) | Air Content (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | 60 min | Initial | 60 min | |
WC 48 | 180 | 170 | 5.4 | 4.8 |
WC 41 | 190 | 170 | 4.6 | 4.3 |
WC 33 | 190 | 180 | 3.4 | 3.1 |
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Lee, T.; Lee, J.; Choi, H. Assessment of Strength Development at Hardened Stage on High-Strength Concrete Using NDT. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6261. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186261
Lee T, Lee J, Choi H. Assessment of Strength Development at Hardened Stage on High-Strength Concrete Using NDT. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(18):6261. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186261
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Taegyu, Jaehyun Lee, and Hyeonggil Choi. 2020. "Assessment of Strength Development at Hardened Stage on High-Strength Concrete Using NDT" Applied Sciences 10, no. 18: 6261. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186261