Characteristics of Crack Growth in Rock-Like Materials under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimen Geometry and Preparation
- Assemble the two PMMA plates and the four metallic plates. Insert steel shims for open cracks.
- The water and diatomaceous earth are poured in a mixer and mixed for 20 s.
- Add the gypsum to the water-diatomaceous earth mixture and mix for 4 min.
- Pour mixture into the mould, then vibrate the mould for 2 min to remove entrapped air in the mixture.
- After an hour following vibration, the steel shims are pulled out.
- The gypsum specimens solidify within an hour. Then, the specimens are taken out of the mould.
- Dry for 24 h at room temperature.
- All faces of the specimens are polished in a rotating grinding machine to achieve a smooth surface and an even thickness.
- For curing, the specimens are placed in an oven at 40 °C for four days. Then, the specimens are removed from the oven and tested.
2.2. Monotonic Compression
2.3. Cyclic Compression
2.4. Constant Stress-Rate Test
3. Experimental Results
3.1. Crack Initiation
3.2. Crack Propagation
3.3. Crack Coalescence
3.4. Subcritical Crack Growth Parameters
4. Discussion
4.1. Crack Propagation
4.2. Crack Coalescence
4.3. Secondary Cracks
4.4. Fatigue Cracks
4.5. Subcritical Crack Growth Parameter
5. Conclusions
- Both the monotonic and cyclic tests had similar wing crack initiation positions, wing crack initiation angles, cracking sequences, and coalescence types.
- Observed coalescence types are categorized into six classes: Type I, II, III, IV, V, and VI. Type III coalescences are subdivided into two classes and Type IV coalescences into three classes. For colinear geometry specimens, coalescence was caused by the internal shear cracks. For non-colinear geometry specimens, coalescence occurred by variations of internal shear cracks, internal wing cracks and tension cracks.
- Secondary cracks were found in both the monotonic and cyclic tests. Secondary cracks started at the tips of the flaws and propagated in the colinear direction of the flaw or in a horizontal direction.
- Fatigue cracks appeared in cyclic tests but not monotonic tests. Depending on the flaw geometry, two types of fatigue crack initiation directions were observed. In the coplanar, non-overlapping, and slightly overlapping geometries, horizontal fatigue cracks were observed. In the overlapping geometry, coplanar fatigue cracks occurred.
- Although there were some deviations, the subcritical crack growth parameter values were generally similar regardless of the loading conditions.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Uniaxial Compressive Strength [MPa] | Tensile Strength [MPa] | Poisson’s Ratio | Young’s Modulus [GPa] |
---|---|---|---|
34.5 | 3.2 | 0.15 | 5.96 |
Geometry | Dynamic Compressive Strength | Monotonic Test | Cyclic Test | Constant Stress-Rate Test | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
30-0-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-0-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-0-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-0-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-0-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
60-0-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
30-0-3a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-0-3a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-0-3a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-0-4a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-0-4a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-0-4a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-a-0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-a-0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-a-0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-a-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-a-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
60-a-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-a-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-a-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-a-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-a-3a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-2a-0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-2a-0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-2a-0 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-2a-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-2a-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-2a-a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-2a-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-2a-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 13 |
60-2a-2a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
30-2a-3a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
45-2a-3a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
60-2a-3a | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 | |
Sum | 102 | 68 | 102 | 20 | 292 |
Flaw Inclination Angle | 30° | 45° | 60° |
---|---|---|---|
Strength | 28.1 MPa | 31.0 MPa | 34.7 MPa |
Type | Coalescence Pattern | Type of Coalescence Crack | |
---|---|---|---|
I | | | Shear crack |
II | | | Internal shear and tension crack |
III-A | | | Internal wing crack |
III-B | | | Internal wing crack and internal shear crack |
IV-A | | | Internal wing crack |
IV-B | | | Internal wing crack |
IV-C | | | Internal wing crack and internal shear crack |
V | | | Internal wing crack and internal shear crack |
VI | | | Internal wing crack, internal shear crack and tension crack |
Flaw Inclination Angle | 30° | 45° | 60° |
---|---|---|---|
Average coalescence stress | 23.98 MPa | 26.96 MPa | 31.93 MPa |
Standard deviation | 3.15 MPa | 5.0 MPa | 4.66 MPa |
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Ko, T.Y.; Lee, S.S. Characteristics of Crack Growth in Rock-Like Materials under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Conditions. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020719
Ko TY, Lee SS. Characteristics of Crack Growth in Rock-Like Materials under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Conditions. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(2):719. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020719
Chicago/Turabian StyleKo, Tae Young, and Sean Seungwon Lee. 2020. "Characteristics of Crack Growth in Rock-Like Materials under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading Conditions" Applied Sciences 10, no. 2: 719. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020719