A Critical Review on the Influence of Fine Recycled Aggregates on Technical Performance, Environmental Impact and Cost of Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State-of-Art Review
2.1. General Parameters Affecting the Performance of RFA in Concrete
2.1.1. Recycling Process
2.1.2. Particle Size
2.1.3. Quality of the Source Material
2.2. The Effect of Varying RFA Incorporation Ratio on Concrete Performance
2.2.1. Workability
2.2.2. Bulk Fresh Density
2.2.3. Compressive Strength
2.2.4. Modulus of Elasticity
2.2.5. Carbonation Resistance
2.2.6. Chloride Penetration Resistance
2.3. The Effect of Varying RFA Incorporation Ratio on Environmental Impact of Concrete
2.3.1. Toxicity of Raw Materials for Concrete
2.3.2. Life Cycle Assessment of RFA in Concrete
2.4. The Effect of Varying RFA Incorporation Ratio on Economic Impact of Concrete
3. Sustainability Assessment of RFA Incorporation Ratio Based on Multi Criteria Decision Analysis
- Compressive strength = 30 MPa
- Expected maximum carbonation Depth = 20 mm
- Permeability to chlorides = 10 × 10−12 m2/s
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Equation | Notes | Reference |
---|---|---|
Taking into account the w/c ratio; replacement ratio; quality RFA. Effective w/c ratio considered 0.55 and correlation factors a and b equal to 4.228 and 0.22, respectively, with a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.916. The equation was developed based on Model code [83] | [84] | |
Relationship between compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. The equation can be used to determine RFA and CRA concrete, taking into account the modulus of elasticity of RFA concrete 10% lower than that of CRA concrete | [85] | |
The relationship between compressive strength and modules of elasticity. With a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.80 | Literature review |
LCA Boundaries | Life Cycle Stages | Life Cycle Stage | |
---|---|---|---|
Cradle to gate | Product stage (A1–A3) | A1 | Raw material extraction and processing, processing of secondary material input |
A2 | Transport to the manufacturer | ||
A3 | Manufacturing | ||
Gate to grave | Construction process stage (A4–A5) | A4 | Transport to the building site |
A5 | Installation into the building | ||
Use stage—information modules related to the building fabric (B1–B5) | B1 | Use or application of the installed product | |
B2 | Maintenance | ||
B3 | Repair | ||
Use stage—information modules related to the operation of the building (B4–B5) | B4 | Operational energy use | |
B5 | Operational water use | ||
End-of-life stage (C1–C4) | C1 | De-construction, demolition | |
C2 | Transport to waste processing | ||
C3 | Waste processing for reuse, recovery and/or recycling (3R) | ||
C4 | Disposal |
Source | Country | ADP | GWP | ODP | POCP | AP | EP | Pe-NRe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
kg Sb eq | kg CO2 eq | kg CFC−11 eq | kg C2H4 eq | kg SO2 eq | kg PO4−3 eq | MJ | ||
Natural Fine Aggregates | ||||||||
Braga [102] | Portugal | 3.37 × 10−10 | 9.87 × 10−3 | 1.71 × 10−11 | 2.80 × 10−6 | 4.58 × 10−5 | 1.08 × 10−5 | 1.35 × 10−1 |
1.24 × 10−9 | 2.79 × 10−2 | 2.26 × 10−10 | 9.06 × 10−6 | 1.59 × 10−4 | 3.54 × 10−5 | 3.92 × 10−1 | ||
1.09 × 10−9 | 2.44 × 10−2 | 2.43 × 10−10 | 7.83 × 10−6 | 1.44 × 10−4 | 3.18 × 10−5 | 3.44 × 10−1 | ||
1.39 × 10−9 | 3.14 × 10−2 | 2.09 × 10−10 | 1.03 × 10−5 | 1.75 × 10−4 | 3.90 × 10−5 | 4.41 × 10−1 | ||
Tošić et al. [103] | Serbia | 1.43 × 10−3 | 2.78 × 10−7 | 1.64 × 10−5 | 2.02 × 10−6 | 1.48 × 10−05 | ||
2.12 × 10−3 | 4.15 × 10−7 | 2.42 × 10−5 | 3.01 × 10−6 | 2.19 × 10−5 | ||||
Korre and Durucan [16] | UK | 9.30 × 10−4 | 1.06 × 10−10 | 4.58 × 10−7 | 5.85 × 10−6 | 4.35 × 10−7 | ||
3.29 × 10−3 | 4.50 × 10−10 | 1.20 × 10−6 | 1.89 × 10−5 | 1.07 × 10−6 | ||||
2.16 × 10−3 | 3.19 × 10−10 | 7.35 × 10−1 | 1.20 × 10−5 | 6.87 × 10−7 | ||||
1.85 × 10−3 | 2.14 × 10−10 | 9.85 × 10−7 | 1.03 × 10−5 | 5.90 × 10−7 | ||||
3.79 × 10−2 | 8.50 × 10−6 | 5.40 × 10−5 | 6.77 × 10−4 | 1.04 × 10−4 | ||||
3.80 × 10−2 | 1.78 × 10−10 | 5.40 × 10−5 | 6.77 × 10−4 | 1.04 × 10−4 | ||||
Marinkovic’ et al. [18] | Serbia | 1.43 × 10−3 | 2.82 × 10−7 | 1.64 × 10−5 | 2.02 × 10−6 | |||
Sjunnesson [104] | Sweden | 1.60 × 10−3 | 1.70 × 10−6 | 7.80 × 10−7 | 3.00 × 10−2 | |||
7.00 × 10−4 | 3.80 × 10−10 | 5.00 × 10−5 | 1.24 × 10−3 | |||||
Average | 1.01 × 10−9 | 1.23 × 10−2 | 8.50 × 10−7 | 4.90 × 10−2 | 1.36 × 10−4 | 2.58 × 10−5 | 1.68 × 10−1 | |
Recycled Fine Aggregates | ||||||||
Braga [102] | Portugal | 2.12 × 10−10 | 7.44 × 10−3 | 1.60 × 10−10 | 2.14 × 10−6 | 4.05 × 10−5 | 9.28 × 10−6 | 1.08 × 10−1 |
Tošić et al. [103] | Serbia | 2.28 × 10−3 | 7.03 × 10−7 | 2.49 × 10−5 | 3.01 × 10−6 | 2.59 × 10−5 | ||
3.38 × 10−3 | 1.18 × 10−6 | 3.61 × 10−5 | 4.34 × 10−6 | 3.95 × 10−5 | ||||
Korre and Durucan [16] | UK | 2.42 × 10−3 | 2.83 × 10−10 | 8.00 × 10−7 | 1.21 × 10−5 | 7.06 × 10−7 | ||
Marinkovic´ et al. [18] | Serbia | 1.74 × 10−3 | 3.40 × 10−7 | 2.00 × 10−5 | 2.47 × 10−6 | |||
Average | 2.12 × 10−10 | 3.45 × 10−3 | 2.22 × 10−10 | 1.03 × 10−6 | 2.67 × 10−5 | 3.96 × 10−6 | 3.60 × 10−2 |
Lorry/Maximum Capacity (Tonnes) | Baseline CML Method | Cumulative Energy Demand | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADP | GWP | ODP | POCP | AP | EP | P X10-NRe | |
kg Sb eq | kg CO2 eq | kg CFC−11 eq | kg C2H4 eq | kg SO2 eq | kg PO4−3 eq | MJ | |
Articulated-lorry transport/27 t | 1.98 × 10−12 | 4.98 × 10−5 | 1.01 × 10−13 | 1.59 × 10−8 | 2.24 × 10−7 | 5.14 × 10−8 | 6.73 × 10−4 |
Lorry−transport/17.3 t | 2.62 × 10−12 | 6.57 × 10−5 | 1.33 × 10−13 | 2.24 × 10−8 | 3.11 × 10−7 | 7.20 × 10−8 | 9.27 × 10−4 |
Environmental Indicators | NA (Average) | NA/km | RFA (Average) | RFA/km | Equation for Y (Impact for 1 kg of Fine Aggregates Concrete Based on % Incorporation (X) of RFA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADP | kg Sb eq | 1.01 × 10−9 | 9.47 × 10−12 | 2.12 × 10−10 | 1.70 × 10−12 | Y = (D2 × 1.7 × 10−12 − D1 × 9.47 × 10−12) X + D1 × 9.47 × 10−12 |
GWP | kg CO2 eq | 1.23 × 10−2 | 1.15 × 10−4 | 3.45 × 10−3 | 2.76 × 10−5 | Y= (D2 × 2.76 × 10−5 − D1 × 1.15 × 10−4) X + D1 × 1.15 × 10−4 |
ODP | kg CFC−11 eq | 8.50 × 10−7 | 7.97 × 10−9 | 2.22 × 10−10 | 1.78 × 10−12 | Y = (D2 × 1.78 × 10−12 − D1 × 7.97 × 10−9) X + D1 × 7.97 × 10−9 |
POCP | kg C2H4 eq | 4.90 × 10−2 | 4.59 × 10−4 | 1.03 × 10−6 | 8.24 × 10−9 | Y = (D2 × 8.24 × 10−9 − D1 × 4.59 × 10−4) X + D1 × 4.59 × 10−4 |
AP | kg SO2 eq | 1.36 × 10−4 | 1.28 × 10−6 | 2.67 × 10−5 | 2.14 × 10−7 | Y= (D2 × 2.14 × 10−7 − D1 × 1.28 × 10−6) X + D1 × 1.28 × 10−6 |
EP | kg PO4−3 eq | 2.58 × 10−5 | 2.42 × 10−7 | 3.96 × 10−6 | 3.17 × 10−8 | Y= (D2 × 3.17 × 10−8 − D1 × 2.42 × 10−7) X + D1 × 2.47 × 10−7 |
PE-NRe | MJ | 1.68 × 10−1 | 1.58 × 10−3 | 3.60 × 10−2 | 2.88 × 10−4 | Y = (D2 × 2.88 × 10−4 − D1 × 1.58 × 10−3) X + D1 × 2.88 × 10−3 |
Parameter | Empirical Function of Incorporation Ratio X (%) for the RFA in the Concrete Mix | Weights (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Y (Functional) | Yfc = Fci – 0.022X | 25 | 33.3 |
25 | |||
YCD = D90D + 0.041X | 25 | ||
Ycl (PCl2/PCl1) = 1 + 0.0033X | 25 | ||
Y (Environmental) | YADP = (D2 × 1.7 × 10−12 − D1 × 9.47 × 10−12) X + D1 × 9.47 × 10−12 | 14.3 | 33.3 |
YGWP= (D2 × 2.65 × 10−5 − D1 × 1.16 × 10−4) X + D1 × 1.16 × 10−4 | 14.3 | ||
YODP = (D2 × 1.77 × 10−12 −D1 × 2 × 10−12) X + D1 × 2 × 10−12 | 14.3 | ||
YPOCP = D2 × 8.26 × 10−9 − D1 × 9.42 × 10−8) X + D1 × 9.42 × 10−8 | 14.3 | ||
YAP= (D2 × 2.14 × 10−7 − D1 × 1.27 × 10−6) X + D1 × 1.27 × 10−6 | 14.3 | ||
YEP= (D2 × 3.17 × 10−8 − D1 × 2.41 × 10−7) X + D1 × 2.41 × 10−7 | 14.3 | ||
YPe-NRe= (D2 × 2.88 × 10−4 − D1 × 1.57 × 10−3) X + D1 × 1.57 × 10−3 | 14.3 | ||
Y (Economic) | Yeconomic = 3.5 × D1 + X × (0.045 × D2 – 3.5 × D1) | 100 | 33.3 |
Alternatives | X (%) | Functional | Scenario 1 | Scenario 2 | Scenario 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental | Economic | Single Score | Environmental | Economic | Single Score | Environmental | Economic | Single Score | |||
NA | 0% | 1.00 | 0.13 | 1.00 | 0.71 | 0.27 | 1.00 | 0.76 | 0.43 | 1.00 | 0.81 |
1 | 10 | 0.98 | 0.14 | 0.98 | 0.70 | 0.28 | 0.89 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 0.78 | 0.74 |
2 | 20 | 0.97 | 0.16 | 0.96 | 0.69 | 0.30 | 0.81 | 0.69 | 0.47 | 0.64 | 0.69 |
3 | 30 | 0.95 | 0.17 | 0.93 | 0.69 | 0.32 | 0.74 | 0.67 | 0.49 | 0.54 | 0.66 |
4 | 40 | 0.93 | 0.19 | 0.91 | 0.68 | 0.34 | 0.68 | 0.65 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 0.64 |
5 | 50 | 0.92 | 0.22 | 0.89 | 0.68 | 0.37 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.56 | 0.42 | 0.63 |
6 | 60 | 0.90 | 0.25 | 0.88 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.37 | 0.63 |
7 | 70 | 0.89 | 0.30 | 0.86 | 0.68 | 0.47 | 0.54 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 0.63 |
8 | 80 | 0.87 | 0.38 | 0.84 | 0.70 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.65 | 0.74 | 0.31 | 0.64 |
9 | 90 | 0.86 | 0.52 | 0.83 | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.48 | 0.68 | 0.84 | 0.28 | 0.66 |
10 | 100 | 0.84 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 0.88 | 1.00 | 0.45 | 0.76 | 1.00 | 0.26 | 0.70 |
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Hafez, H.; Kurda, R.; Kurda, R.; Al-Hadad, B.; Mustafa, R.; Ali, B. A Critical Review on the Influence of Fine Recycled Aggregates on Technical Performance, Environmental Impact and Cost of Concrete. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031018
Hafez H, Kurda R, Kurda R, Al-Hadad B, Mustafa R, Ali B. A Critical Review on the Influence of Fine Recycled Aggregates on Technical Performance, Environmental Impact and Cost of Concrete. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(3):1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031018
Chicago/Turabian StyleHafez, Hisham, Reben Kurda, Rawaz Kurda, Botan Al-Hadad, Rasheed Mustafa, and Barham Ali. 2020. "A Critical Review on the Influence of Fine Recycled Aggregates on Technical Performance, Environmental Impact and Cost of Concrete" Applied Sciences 10, no. 3: 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031018