Improvement of Recycled Aggregates Properties by Means of CO2 Uptake
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Significance
- The new calculation of CO2 uptake, taking into account the water generated by the carbonation of portlandite;
- The identification of a relationship between the RCA’s optimum water content and their WAC for a maximum CO2 uptake. This study shows the range of optimum water content related to the WAC of RCAs, with many of them being from laboratory concretes or from old demolition concretes. This data are important for industrial applications. This interval is known in the literature in concretes (around 65% and 80% in relative humidity), but these values are not transposable to RCAs. This study proposes a process of imposing the optimum water content by impregnation and drying. This process generates the saturated surface dry state of RCAs and good filling of the pores by water for an optimal diffusion of CO2;
- The contribution of accelerated carbonation compared to natural carbonation for RCAs from recycling platforms, which has not been shown in the literature;
- The range of pores clogged by CaCO3 and the range of pores formed after carbonation, derived to be essential data for the durability of carbonated RCAs. These tests with mercury intrusion porosimetry are related to the decrease of the WAC on the same RCA (RB 1–4 C).
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
- RB 1–4, which was the 1–4 mm fraction, was naturally carbonated after crushing and 6 years of storage under natural conditions. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), therefore, did not reveal the presence of portlandite (Table 1);
- RB 10–20, which was the 10–20 mm fraction, was naturally carbonated only on the surface;
- RB 1–4 C, which was a 1–4 mm fraction obtained by crushing RB 10–20, was used to study the effect of the initial natural carbonation status of RB 1–4 on the CO2 uptake.
3.2. Accelerated Carbonation Test on RCAs
3.3. Effect of the Temperature on the Accelerated Carbonation of RCAs
3.4. Determination of CO2 Uptake by the RCAs
3.5. Determination of the Water Absorption Coefficient of the RCAs
3.6. Evaluation of the Pore Size Distributions of the RCAs
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Parametric Study of the Accelerated Carbonation Test on RCAs
4.1.1. Effect of the Initial Natural Carbonation of an RCA on the CO2 Uptake
4.1.2. Effect of the CO2 Concentration on the CO2 Uptake
4.1.3. Effect of the RCA Type on CO2 Uptake
4.1.4. Effect of the RCA Size on the CO2 Uptake
4.1.5. Effect of the Temperature on the CO2 Uptake
4.1.6. Correlation between the Optimum Water Content and the Water Absorption Coefficient of the RCA
4.2. Impact of Accelerated Carbonation on the Properties of RCAs
4.2.1. Impact of Natural and Accelerated Carbonation on the Water Absorption Coefficient
4.2.2. Effect of the CO2 Concentration on the CO2 Uptake and Water Absorption Coefficient
4.2.3. Changes in the Pore Size Distribution of an RCA by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry
- 3.7–30 nm: micropores (pores between C–S–H gels and capillary micropores);
- 30–220 nm: capillary pores;
- 220–10,000 nm: macropores;
- Pores >10,000 nm: large pores (air bubbles due to production of the concrete).
5. Conclusions
- For each carbonation test, water content is the most important parameter for reaching an effective rate of CO2 uptake, whatever the studied parameter;
- The maximum CO2 uptake is 50 g/kg for CB 1–4 because they are not carbonated at the initial state, and the minimum is for RB 1–4 (8.6 g/kg) because of the initial natural carbonation. The mean of CO2 uptake was around 15–20 g/kg for the studied RCAs;
- The correlation between the optimum water content and the water absorption coefficient is important for effective carbonation. To obtain the maximum CO2 uptake, it is necessary to have an optimum water content equal to 80% of the RCA’s water absorption coefficient. This conclusion is important for industrial applications;
- Carbonation decreases the WAC by filling pores due to the formation of calcium carbonates. CO2 uptake during treatment could decrease the WAC by up to 39% in the case of RB 1–4 C (AC), while natural carbonation could decrease the WAC by up to 48% after 6 years of storage, as was observed for NC–RB 1–4;
- Finally, carbonation leads to the formation of calcium carbonates and to a decrease in total porosity. The capillary porosity is decreased due to clogging of the pores. In addition, carbonation increases the microporosity of an RCA, especially the porosity of the C–S–H gel, as a result of decalcification.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Constituents (kg/m3) | OC | HPC |
---|---|---|
Limestone gravels, 12.5–20 mm | 777 | 550 |
Limestone gravels, 4–12.5 mm | 415 | 475 |
Sand (Boulonnais), 0–5 mm | 372 | 407 |
Sand (Seine), 0–4 mm | 372 | 401 |
Cement | 353 | 461 |
Superplasticizer | - | 12.4 |
Set retarder | - | 3.3 |
Water | 172 | 146 |
Water-to-cement ratio | 0.49 | 0.32 |
28 d compressive strength (MPa) | 44.5 | 75 |
Water porosity (%) | 10.9 | 8.5 |
In % | CaO | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Al2O3 | TiO2 | MgO | Na2O | K2O | MnO | SO3 | CO2 | Loss in Ignition | Free CaO |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OC | 66.39 | 21.17 | 1.96 | 2.69 | - | 0.65 | 0.30 | 0.22 | - | 2.43 | 1.56 | 2.26 | 0.84 |
HPC | 65.38 | 20.54 | 4.13 | 3.59 | 0.19 | 0.86 | 0.18 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 2.67 | 0.88 | 1.24 | - |
RCA | SFSA (%) | Portlandite Rate (%) | CaCO3 Rate (%) | Porosity (%) | WAC (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC–RB 1–4 | 21.3 ± 8.4 | ≈0 | 40.8 ± 0.2 | 11.5 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.5 |
NC–RB 10–20 | 19.3 ± 7.7 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 36.1 ± 0.5 | 15.5 ± 0.2 | 7.1 ± 0.1 |
NC–RB 1–4 C | 26.0 ± 6 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 35.3 ± 0.3 | 11.4 ± 0.5 | 5.1 ± 0.3 |
NC–CB 1–4 | 34.0 ± 1.4 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 46.3 ± 0.5 | 13.8 ± 1.1 | 6.3 ± 0.6 |
NC–OC 1–4 | 44.9 ± 3.9 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 61.9 ± 0.4 | 11.7 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.1 |
NC–OC 12–20 | 32.1 ± 5.4 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 66.8 ± 2.1 | 9.20 ± 0.2 | 4.0 ± 0.2 |
NC–HPC 1–4 | 34.8 ± 5.6 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 62.0 ± 0.3 | 10.4 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.4 |
NC–HPC 12–20 | 33.9 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 62.1 ± 3.6 | 8.6 ± 0.2 | 3.6 ± 0.3 |
CB 1–4 | RB 1–4 C | RB 1–4 | |
---|---|---|---|
CO2 concentration (%) | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Initial natural carbonation | - 1 | + 1 | ++ 1 |
Optimum water content (%) | 5.4 | 5.2 | 7.2 |
CO2 uptake (g/kg) | 49.9 | 17.3 | 8.6 |
RB 1–4 | RB 10–20 (15% CO2) | RB 10–20 (100% CO2) | RB 1–4 C (15% CO2) | RB 1–4 C (100% CO2) | CB 1–4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 uptake (g/kg) | 8.6 | 14.9 | 20.4 | 12.6 | 17.3 | 49.9 |
SFSA (%) | 17.1 ± 7.1 | 17.9 ± 2.9 | 12.8 ± 8.2 | 20.3 ± 6.4 | 14.8 ± 5.9 | 23.1 ± 3.8 |
Portlandite rate (%) | ≈0 | ≈0 | ≈0 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | ≈0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 |
CaCO3 rate (%) | 41.5 ± 0.2 | 37.2 ± 0.1 | 47.0 ± 0.3 | 40.4 ± 0.5 | 34.5 ± 0.4 | 37.2 ± 0.4 |
Porosity (%) | 6.7 | 13.2 | 14.7 | - | - | - |
WAC (%) | 2.8 | 6.7 | 6.6 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.0 |
OC 1–4 | OC 12–20 | HPC 1–4 | HPC 12–20 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CO2 uptake (g/kg) | 21.8 | 9.6 | 11.4 | 6.5 |
SFSA (%) | 29.8 ± 4.0 | 24.8 ± 4.6 | 27.1 ± 6.9 | 28.8 ± 9.7 |
Portlandite rate (%) | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
CaCO3 rate (%) | 67.9 ± 0.5 | 67.4 ± 0.3 | 64.9 ± 0.3 | 64.0 ± 0.1 |
Porosity (%) | 7.6 | 6.3 | 7.2 | 8.4 |
WAC (%) | 2.9 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.5 |
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Sereng, M.; Djerbi, A.; Metalssi, O.O.; Dangla, P.; Torrenti, J.-M. Improvement of Recycled Aggregates Properties by Means of CO2 Uptake. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 6571. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146571
Sereng M, Djerbi A, Metalssi OO, Dangla P, Torrenti J-M. Improvement of Recycled Aggregates Properties by Means of CO2 Uptake. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(14):6571. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146571
Chicago/Turabian StyleSereng, Marie, Assia Djerbi, Othman Omikrine Metalssi, Patrick Dangla, and Jean-Michel Torrenti. 2021. "Improvement of Recycled Aggregates Properties by Means of CO2 Uptake" Applied Sciences 11, no. 14: 6571. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146571