SARS-CoV-2: Some Aspects of Molecular Evolution, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Immune System Mechanism Elusion
Abstract
:1. The New Coronavirus: Molecular Proofs
2. Pathogenesis and Different Organ Involvement
3. Immune System Deception by SARS-CoV-2
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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WHO Label | First Identified | Pango Lineage | Spike Protein | ORF1a/b Protein |
---|---|---|---|---|
VOCs (Variants of Concern) | ||||
Alpha | United Kingdom | B.1.1.7 | 69del, 70del, 144del, E484K, S494P, N501Y, A570D, D614G, P681H, T716I, S982A, D1118H K1191N | None |
Beta | South Africa | B.1.351 | K417N, E484K, N501Y | None |
Gamma | Japan/Brazil | P.1 | K417T, E484K, N501Y | None |
Delta | India | B.1.617.2 | 19R, G142D, 156del, 157del, R158G, L452R, T478K, D614G, P681R, D950N | None |
Epsilon | California | B.1.427, B.1.429 | S13I, W152C, L452R, Q677H | I4205V (ORF1a); D1183Y (ORF1b) |
VOIs (Variants of Interest) | ||||
Eta | United Kingdom/Nigeria | B.1.525 | E484K, D614G, Q677H | None |
Theta | The Philippines | P.3 | E484K, N501Y, D614G, P681H | None |
Iota | United States (New York) | B.1.526 | L5F, D80G, T95I, Y144-, F157S, D253G, L452R, S477N, E484K, D614G, A701V, T859N, D950H, Q957R | None |
Kappa | India | B.1.617.1 | T95I, G142D, E154K, L452R, E484Q, D614G, P681R, Q1071H | None |
Lambda | Peru | C.37 | L452Q, F490S, D614G | None |
Mu | Colombia | B.1.621 | T95I, Y144S, Y145N, 146N insertion, R346K, E484K, N501Y, D614G, P681H, D950N | None |
Number | Text | Related References |
---|---|---|
First | Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 strains could help the virus elude the immune system response | Cherian S. et al., 2021 [13] |
Second | The cytokine storm during SARS-CoV-2 infection is closely related to expression of ACE2 in different organs and tissues, shaping clinical susceptibility and prognosis. | Cao Y. et al., 2020 [34] |
Third | The ADE phenomenon and/or antigenic imprinting could explain the immune system deception by SARS-CoV-2. | Fu Y. et al., 2020 [65], Roncati L. et al., 2020 [58] |
Fourth | Development of safe SARS-CoV-2 T-cell vaccines, that are not dependent on antibodies, is necessary | Ricke D.O. et al., 2021 [71] |
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Quirino, A.; Marascio, N.; Barreca, G.S.; Gallo, L.; Giancotti, A.; Lamberti, A.G.; Peronace, C.; Trecarichi, E.M.; Fusco, P.; Mazzitelli, M.; et al. SARS-CoV-2: Some Aspects of Molecular Evolution, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Immune System Mechanism Elusion. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 11605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411605
Quirino A, Marascio N, Barreca GS, Gallo L, Giancotti A, Lamberti AG, Peronace C, Trecarichi EM, Fusco P, Mazzitelli M, et al. SARS-CoV-2: Some Aspects of Molecular Evolution, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Immune System Mechanism Elusion. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(24):11605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411605
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuirino, Angela, Nadia Marascio, Giorgio Settimo Barreca, Luigia Gallo, Aida Giancotti, Angelo Giuseppe Lamberti, Cinzia Peronace, Enrico Maria Trecarichi, Paolo Fusco, Maria Mazzitelli, and et al. 2021. "SARS-CoV-2: Some Aspects of Molecular Evolution, Cellular Pathogenesis, and Immune System Mechanism Elusion" Applied Sciences 11, no. 24: 11605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411605