Figure 1.
The geosynthetics electronic strength tester.
Figure 1.
The geosynthetics electronic strength tester.
Figure 2.
Geocell products for testing.
Figure 2.
Geocell products for testing.
Figure 3.
Details of the geocell junction. (unit: mm).
Figure 3.
Details of the geocell junction. (unit: mm).
Figure 4.
Schematic diagram of local stress.
Figure 4.
Schematic diagram of local stress.
Figure 5.
Weld tensile strength tests under different clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 5.
Weld tensile strength tests under different clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 6.
Tensile shear tests under different clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 6.
Tensile shear tests under different clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 7.
Peeling tests under different clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 7.
Peeling tests under different clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 8.
Splitting tests under different clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 8.
Splitting tests under different clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 9.
Tensile stress–elongation relationship of the junction subjected to uniaxial tension under various clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 9.
Tensile stress–elongation relationship of the junction subjected to uniaxial tension under various clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 10.
Failure modes of the junction subjected to uniaxial tension under various clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 10.
Failure modes of the junction subjected to uniaxial tension under various clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 11.
Shear stress–elongation relationship of the junction subjected to shear force under various clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 11.
Shear stress–elongation relationship of the junction subjected to shear force under various clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 12.
Failure modes of the junction subjected to shear force under various clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 12.
Failure modes of the junction subjected to shear force under various clamping distances: (a) 10.5 mm, (b) 25 mm, (c) 50 mm, (d) 100 mm.
Figure 13.
Peel stress–elongation relationship of the junction subjected to a peeling force under various clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 13.
Peel stress–elongation relationship of the junction subjected to a peeling force under various clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 14.
Failure modes of the junction subjected to a peeling force under various clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 14.
Failure modes of the junction subjected to a peeling force under various clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 15.
Weld fracture of the junction subjected to a peeling force.
Figure 15.
Weld fracture of the junction subjected to a peeling force.
Figure 16.
Split stress–elongation relationship of the junction subjected to a splitting force under various clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 16.
Split stress–elongation relationship of the junction subjected to a splitting force under various clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 17.
Failure modes of the junction subjected to a splitting force under various clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 17.
Failure modes of the junction subjected to a splitting force under various clamping distances: (a) 25 mm, (b) 50 mm, (c) 100 mm.
Figure 18.
Different failure modes of the junction: (a) Directional change of the junction, (b) failure at the connection of the junction and the strip.
Figure 18.
Different failure modes of the junction: (a) Directional change of the junction, (b) failure at the connection of the junction and the strip.
Figure 19.
Junction test results under various clamping distances: (a) axial stress versus clamping distance; (b) pre-peak elongation versus clamping distance.
Figure 19.
Junction test results under various clamping distances: (a) axial stress versus clamping distance; (b) pre-peak elongation versus clamping distance.
Figure 20.
Junction test results under various clamping distances: axial stress versus peak elongation.
Figure 20.
Junction test results under various clamping distances: axial stress versus peak elongation.
Table 1.
Specifications of the geocell.
Table 1.
Specifications of the geocell.
Connection Mode of the Junctions | Strip Material | Height of the Geocell (mm) | Distance of the Junction (mm) |
---|
Ultrasonic welding | HDPE | 100 | 280 |
Table 2.
Specimen dimensions.
Table 2.
Specimen dimensions.
Test | Junction Width (mm) | Clamping Distance (mm) | Gripping Distance (mm) | Overall Length (mm) |
---|
Weld tensile strength test | 100 | 10.5 | 60 | 130.5 |
25 | 145 |
50 | 170 |
100 | 220 |
Tensile shear test | 10.5 | 130.5 |
25 | 145 |
50 | 170 |
100 | 220 |
Peeling test | 25 | 145 |
50 | 170 |
100 | 220 |
Splitting test | 25 | 145 |
50 | 170 |
100 | 220 |
Table 3.
Weld tensile test results of the junctions.
Table 3.
Weld tensile test results of the junctions.
Clamping Distance (mm) | Tensile Strength (N·cm−1) | Peak Elongation (mm) | Overall Elongation (mm) |
---|
10.5 | 350.794 | 3.592 | 14.366 |
25 | 349.98 | 4.694 | 16.364 |
50 | 340.82 | 7.052 | 19.422 |
100 | 334.97 | 14.456 | 25.47 |
Table 4.
Tensile shear test results of the junctions.
Table 4.
Tensile shear test results of the junctions.
Clamping Distance (mm) | Shear Strength (N·cm−1) | Peak Elongation (mm) | Overall Elongation (mm) |
---|
10.5 | 203.496 | 4.832 | 53.914 |
25 | 196.486 | 7.934 | 99.756 |
50 | 184.679 | 12.344 | 141.788 |
100 | 174.838 | 16.452 | 298.98 |
Table 5.
Peeling test results of the junctions.
Table 5.
Peeling test results of the junctions.
Clamping Distance (mm) | Peeling Strength (N·cm−1) | Peak Elongation (mm) | Overall Elongation (mm) |
---|
25 | 106.27 | 14.592 | 27.33 |
50 | 109.62 | 14.872 | 26.66 |
100 | 109.62 | 16.092 | 30.012 |
Table 6.
Splitting test results of the junctions.
Table 6.
Splitting test results of the junctions.
Clamping Distance (mm) | Splitting Strength (N·cm−1) | Peak Elongation (mm) | Overall Elongation (mm) |
---|
25 | 204.12 | 14.094 | 21.318 |
50 | 204.33 | 14.514 | 19.776 |
100 | 206.85 | 15.706 | 19.654 |