Evaluating and Analyzing the Degradation of a Battery Energy Storage System Based on Frequency Regulation Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. BESS and Frequency Regulation Service
2.1. BESS
2.2. Frequency Regulation Service
2.2.1. Dynamic Regulation (dReg)
2.2.2. Static Regulation (sReg)
3. Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries
3.1. Aging Mechanisms of Lithium-Ion Batteries
3.2. Calendar Aging
3.3. Cycling Aging
4. Aging Model Establishment
4.1. Introduction of the Aging Model
4.2. The Rainflow Cycle Counting Method
4.3. Aging Features’ Extraction
4.4. Superposition
5. Result of Simulation
5.1. Simulation Scenario
5.2. Result and Discussion of Each Scenario
- dReg0.5 with the same rated capacity and battery energy but a different SOC level target:
- B.
- dReg with the same rated capacity but a different battery energy:
- C.
- dReg0.5 and dReg0.25 with the same rated capacity and battery energy:
- D.
- sReg with the same rated capacity and SOC level target but different battery energy:
- E.
- sReg with the same rated capacity and battery energy but different SOC level target:
5.3. Profit Estimation and Comparison
- dReg0.5 with the same rated capacity and battery energy but different SOC level target:
- B.
- dReg with the same rated capacity but different battery energy:
- C.
- dReg0.5 and dReg0.25 with the same rated capacity and battery energy:
- D.
- sReg with the same rated capacity and SOC level target but different battery energy:
- E.
- sReg with the same rated capacity and battery energy but different SOC level target:
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Features of SOC Curves
References
- Smith, K.; Saxon, A.; Keyser, M.; Lundstrom, B.; Cao, Z.; Roc, A. Life prediction model for grid-connected Li-ion battery energy storage system. In Proceedings of the 2017 American Control Conference (ACC), Seattle, WA, USA, 24–26 May 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, B.; Oudalov, A.; Ulbig, A.; Andersson, G.; Kirschen, D.S. Modeling of Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation for Cell Life Assessment. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2016, 9, 1131–1140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Padmanabhan, N.; Ahmed, M.; Bhattacharya, K. Battery Energy Storage Systems in Energy and Reserve Markets. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2019, 35, 215–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engels, J.; Claessens, B.; Deconinck, G. Techno-economic analysis and optimal control of battery storage for frequency con-trol services, applied to the German market. Appl. Energy 2019, 242, 1036–1049. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Beltran, H.; Harrison, S.; Egea-Àlvarez, A.; Xu, L. Techno-Economic Assessment of Energy Storage Technologies for Inertia Response and Frequency Support from Wind Farms. Energies 2020, 13, 3421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Diouf, B.; Pode, R. Potential of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy. Renew. Energy 2015, 76, 375–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hidalgo-Leon, R.; Siguenza, D.; Sanchez, C.; Leon, J.; Jacome-Ruiz, P.; Wu, J.; Ortiz, D. A survey of battery energy storage system (BESS), applications and environmental impacts in power systems. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Second Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM), Salinas, Ecuador, 16–20 October 2017; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oudalov, A.; Buehler, T.; Chartouni, D. Utility Scale Applications of Energy Storage. In Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Energy 2030 Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 17–18 November 2008; pp. 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taiwan Electric Power Co., Ltd. Power Dispatching Office, 10 August 2021. Available online: https://etp.taipower.com.tw/web/download/6.%E6%97%A5%E5%89%8D%E8%BC%94%E5%8A%A9%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E5%95%86%E5%93%81%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE%E8%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2022).
- Keil, P.; Schuster, S.F.; Wilhelm, J.; Travi, J.; Hauser, A.; Karl, R.C.; Jossen, A. Calendar Aging of Lithium-Ion Batteries. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2016, 163, A1872–A1880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kassem, M.; Bernard, J.; Revel, R.; Pelissier, S.; Duclaud, F.; Delacourt, C. Calendar aging of a graphite/LiFePO4 cell. J. Power Sources 2012, 208, 296–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sarre, G.; Blanchard, P.; Broussely, M. Aging of lithium-ion batteries. J. Power Sources 2004, 127, 65–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stroe, D.; Knap, V.; Swierczynski, M.; Stroe, A.; Teodorescu, R. Operation of a Grid-Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System for Primary Frequency Regulation: A Battery Lifetime Perspective. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2016, 53, 430–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kryonidis, G.C.; Nousdilis, A.I.; Pippi, K.D.; Papadopoulos, T.A. Impact of Power Smoothing Techniques on the Long-Term Performance of Battery Energy Storage Systems. In Proceedings of the 2021 56th International Universities Power Engineering Conference (UPEC), Middlesbrough, UK, 31 August 2021–3 September 2021; pp. 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fioriti, D.; Pellegrino, L.; Lutzemberger, G.; Micolano, E.; Poli, D. Optimal sizing of residential battery systems with multi-year dynamics and a novel rainflow-based model of storage degradation: An extensive Italian case study. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2021, 203, 107675. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amzallag, C.; Gerey, J.; Robert, J.; Bahuaud, J. Standardization of the rainflow counting method for fatigue analysis. Int. J. Fatigue 1994, 16, 287–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McInnes, C.; Meehan, P. Equivalence of four-point and three-point rainflow cycle counting algorithms. Int. J. Fatigue 2008, 30, 547–559. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stroe, D.-I.; Stan, A.-I.; Diosi, R.; Teodorescu, R.; Andreasen, S.J. Short term energy storage for grid support in wind power applications. In Proceedings of the 2012 13th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM), Brasov, Romania, 24–26 May 2012; pp. 1012–1021. [Google Scholar]
- Mongird, K.; Viswanathan, V.; Alam, J.; Vartanian, C.; Sprenkle, V.; Baxter, R. 2020 Grid Energy Storage Technology Cost and Performance Assessment. Available online: https://www.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/media/file/Final%20-%20ESGC%20Cost%20Performance%20Report%2012-11-2020.pdf (accessed on 15 May 2022).
Efficiency Level | Frequency Regulation Mode | |
---|---|---|
1 | dReg0.25 | 350 |
2 | dReg0.5, sReg | 275 |
Scenario | Mode | Spec. of BESS | SOC Level Target |
---|---|---|---|
1 | dReg0.5 | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 70% |
2 | dReg0.5 | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 50% |
3 | dReg0.5 | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 30% |
4 | dReg0.5 | 5 MW/3.125 MWh | 50% |
5 | dReg0.25 | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 50% |
6 | dReg0.25 | 5 MW/3.125 MWh | 50% |
7 | sReg | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 90% |
8 | sReg | 5 MW/12.5 MWh | 90% |
9 | sReg | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 70% |
Battery Life Comparison | Scenarios for Comparison | |
---|---|---|
A | dReg0.5 with different SOC level targets | 1,2,3 |
B | dReg under different C-rates | 2,4(dReg0.5) 5,6(dReg0.25) |
C | dReg0.5 and dReg0.25under the same spec. | 2,5 |
D | sReg under different C-rates | 7,8 |
E | sReg under different SOC level targets | 7,9 |
Scenario | Mode | SOC Level | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | dReg0.5 | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 70% | 189 |
2 | dReg0.5 | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 50% | 210 |
3 | dReg0.5 | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 30% | 228 |
4 | dReg0.5 | 5 MW/3.125 MWh | 50% | 195 |
5 | dReg0.25 | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 50% | 189 |
6 | dReg0.25 | 5 MW/3.125 MWh | 50% | 165 |
7 | sReg | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 90% | 159 |
8 | sReg | 5 MW/12.5 MWh | 90% | 162 |
9 | sReg | 5 MW/6.25 MWh | 70% | 180 |
Scenario | (MW) | (MWh) | (Thousand NTD) | (Thousand NTD) | (Thousand NTD) | (Thousand NTD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5 | 6.25 | 31,850 | 7350 | 11,900 | 51,100 |
2 | 5 | 6.25 | 31,850 | 7350 | 11,900 | 51,100 |
3 | 5 | 6.25 | 31,850 | 7350 | 11,900 | 51,100 |
4 | 5 | 3.125 | 15,925 | 3675 | 11,900 | 31,500 |
5 | 5 | 6.25 | 31,850 | 7350 | 11,900 | 51,100 |
6 | 5 | 3.125 | 15,925 | 3675 | 11,900 | 31,500 |
7 | 5 | 6.25 | 31,850 | 7350 | 11,900 | 51,100 |
8 | 5 | 12.5 | 63,700 | 14,700 | 11,900 | 90,300 |
9 | 5 | 6.25 | 31,850 | 7350 | 11,900 | 51,100 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Wu, C.-H.; Jhan, J.-Z.; Ko, C.-H.; Kuo, C.-C. Evaluating and Analyzing the Degradation of a Battery Energy Storage System Based on Frequency Regulation Strategies. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6111. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126111
Wu C-H, Jhan J-Z, Ko C-H, Kuo C-C. Evaluating and Analyzing the Degradation of a Battery Energy Storage System Based on Frequency Regulation Strategies. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(12):6111. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126111
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Chen-Han, Jia-Zhang Jhan, Chih-Han Ko, and Cheng-Chien Kuo. 2022. "Evaluating and Analyzing the Degradation of a Battery Energy Storage System Based on Frequency Regulation Strategies" Applied Sciences 12, no. 12: 6111. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12126111