Evaluation of the Hydrochemical and Water Quality Characteristics of an Aquifer Located in an Urbanized Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Spatial and Temporal Assessment of Groundwater Quality
2.4. Water Quality Assessment
2.4.1. Drinking Water Quality Index
2.4.2. Hydrochemical Characteristics
2.4.3. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Analysis of Groundwater Quality Parameters
3.2. Spatial and Temporal Variations of Measuring Indicators
3.3. Multivariate Statistical Analysis
3.4. Drinking Water Quality Index
3.5. Hydrochemical Characteristics
3.6. Groundwater Indices Based on Hydrochemical Features
4. Conclusions
- The hydrological and hydrochemical conditions of the Cuernavaca aquifer were evaluated through the application of water quality indices and statistical techniques. This study provides an approach to the spatial and temporal behavior of an urbanized aquifer and assesses its vulnerability due to population growth.
- This study identified spatial variations between the sampling sites and evidenced the influence of urbanization on groundwater chemistry and quality in the Cuernavaca aquifer. The spatial variation of the chemical elements highlights the vulnerability of the aquifer, especially at P2.
- The time series analysis demonstrated no trend, seasonal, or cyclic patterns in the groundwater quality data. The multivariate statistical analysis showed a high number of correlations between the groundwater parameters. These parameters were grouped based on hierarchical cluster analysis which revealed the main chemical processes controlling groundwater chemistry in the aquifer.
- Most of the parameters (physicochemical and ions) measured in the Cuernavaca aquifer were within the standards allowed by the WHO for irrigation purposes. This situation was confirmed by the water quality indexes since the groundwater of the aquifer was classified as good quality. However, the presence of fecal coliforms, organic matter, and the high content of ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3− is an important situation that must be addressed to reduce the vulnerability of the aquifer.
- This study provides an approach to describe the behavior of the hydrochemical features and water quality of the Cuernavaca aquifer and points out the main driving factors for the deterioration of groundwater quality in an aquifer located in an urban area.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indices | Acronym | Equation | References |
---|---|---|---|
Sodium adsorption ratio | SAR | Abdelaziz et al. [34] | |
Soluble sodium percentage | SSP | Tefera et al. [31] | |
Sodium percentage | %Na | Abbasnia et al. [36] | |
Residual Sodium Carbonate | RSC | Zakaria et al. [16] | |
Magnesium Hazard | MH | Hossain et al. [37] | |
Permeability index | PI | Kumar et al. [8] | |
Kelly Ratio | KR | Acharia et al. [27] | |
Total Hardness | TH | TH = (Ca + Mg) ∗ 50 | Tefera et al. [31] |
Parameters | Abbreviation | Minimum | Maximum | Mean | Standard Deviation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bicarbonates (mg/L) | HCO3− | 48.40 | 294.90 | 145.12 | 79.75 |
Fecal coliforms (MPN/100 mL) | FC | 1.00 | 2909.00 | 276.62 | 719.15 |
Total organic carbon (mg/L) | TOC | 0.08 | 2.87 | 0.92 | 0.72 |
Ammonium (mg/L) | NH3 | 0.00 | 0.61 | 0.07 | 0.12 |
Nitrites (mg/L) | NO2− | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Nitrates (mg/L) | NO3− | 0.00 | 6.87 | 3.24 | 2.13 |
Organic Nitrogen (mg/L) | ON | 0.00 | 1.55 | 0.24 | 0.29 |
Total nitrogen (mg/L) | TN | 0.01 | 7.03 | 3.56 | 2.20 |
Total phosphorus (mg/L) | TP | 0.00 | 0.40 | 0.15 | 0.09 |
Total dissolved solids (mg/L) | TDS | 64.64 | 688.00 | 316.01 | 195.16 |
Electrical conductivity (µS/cm) | EC | 90.00 | 991.00 | 409.79 | 266.25 |
pH | PH | 6.20 | 8.40 | 7.29 | 0.45 |
Chlorides (mg/L) | Cl− | 8.44 | 78.25 | 23.89 | 20.62 |
Fluorides (mg/L) | F | 0.04 | 0.97 | 0.32 | 0.19 |
Silicon oxides (mg/L) | SiO2 | 30.42 | 91.29 | 67.10 | 13.56 |
Potassium (mg/L) | K+ | 1.32 | 7.72 | 3.68 | 1.60 |
Manganese (mg/L) | Mn | 0.00 | 0.48 | 0.01 | 0.08 |
Sodium (mg/L) | Na+ | 1.92 | 40.01 | 18.59 | 9.43 |
Sulfates (mg/L) | SO42− | 0.82 | 226.38 | 48.41 | 49.98 |
Calcium (mg/L) | Ca2+ | 3.87 | 121.10 | 41.93 | 37.57 |
Magnesium (mg/L) | Mg2+ | 3.82 | 50.47 | 19.25 | 13.07 |
Total hardness (mg/L) | TH | 24.60 | 456.80 | 184.46 | 141.14 |
Water temperature (°C) | WT | 17.25 | 22.49 | 20.24 | 21.68 |
Parameter | Site (Spatial) | Year (Temporal) |
---|---|---|
p-Value | p-Value | |
Bicarbonates (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.7058 |
Fecal coliforms NMP/100 mL | 0.2229 | 0.8342 |
Total organic carbon (mg/L) | 0.3044 | 0.1937 |
Ammonium (mg/L) | 0.3219 | 0.4469 |
Nitrites (mg/L) | 0.7001 | 0.4622 |
Nitrates (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.0911 |
Organic Nitrogen (mg/L) | 0.1192 | 0.1272 |
Total nitrogen (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.1061 |
Total phosphorus (mg/L) | 0.2540 | 0.0283 |
Total dissolved solids (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.5686 |
Electrical conductivity µS/cm | 0.0000 * | 0.4360 |
pH | 0.0002 * | 0.0034 |
Chlorides (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.4176 |
Fluorides (mg/L) | 0.3992 | 0.0844 |
Silicon oxides (mg/L) | 0.0315 * | 0.0001 * |
Potassium (mg/L) | 0.0001 * | 0.2912 |
Manganese (mg/L) | 0.5720 | 0.8024 |
Sodium (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.0143 * |
Sulfates (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.0134 * |
Calcium (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.2466 |
Magnesium (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.0058 * |
Total hardness (mg/L) | 0.0000 * | 0.3337 |
Water temperature °C | 0.0000 * | 0.8973 |
DWQI | Classification of Water | Samples | % of Samples |
---|---|---|---|
<50 | Excellent water | 24 | 70.5 |
50–100 | Good water | 10 | 29.5 |
100–200 | Poor water | 0 | 0 |
200–300 | Very poor water | 0 | 0 |
>300 | Unsuitable for drinking | 0 | 0 |
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Loaiza, J.G.; Bustos-Terrones, Y.; Bustos-Terrones, V.; Monjardín-Armenta, S.A.; Quevedo-Castro, A.; Estrada-Vazquez, R.; Rangel-Peraza, J.G. Evaluation of the Hydrochemical and Water Quality Characteristics of an Aquifer Located in an Urbanized Area. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 6879. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146879
Loaiza JG, Bustos-Terrones Y, Bustos-Terrones V, Monjardín-Armenta SA, Quevedo-Castro A, Estrada-Vazquez R, Rangel-Peraza JG. Evaluation of the Hydrochemical and Water Quality Characteristics of an Aquifer Located in an Urbanized Area. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(14):6879. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146879
Chicago/Turabian StyleLoaiza, Juan G., Yaneth Bustos-Terrones, Victoria Bustos-Terrones, Sergio Alberto Monjardín-Armenta, Alberto Quevedo-Castro, Rogelio Estrada-Vazquez, and Jesús Gabriel Rangel-Peraza. 2022. "Evaluation of the Hydrochemical and Water Quality Characteristics of an Aquifer Located in an Urbanized Area" Applied Sciences 12, no. 14: 6879. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12146879