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Applied Sciences
Volume 12
Issue 18
10.3390/app12189135
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Review

Analysis of Risk Factors of Oral Cancer and Periodontitis from a Sex- and Gender-Related Perspective: Gender Dentistry

by
Federica Di Spirito
1,†,
Alessandra Amato
2,†,
Antonio Romano
3,
Gianna Dipalma
4,
Edit Xhajanka
5,
Adone Baroni
6,
Rosario Serpico
3,
Francesco Inchingolo
4,‡ and
Maria Contaldo
6,*,‡
1
Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy
2
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
3
Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Luigi De Crecchio 6, 80138 Naples, Italy
4
Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy
5
Department of Dental Prosthesis, Medical University of Tirana, Rruga e Dibrës, U.M.T., 1001 Tirana, Albania
6
Department of Mental Health and Physics and Preventive Medicine, Unit of Dermatology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80100 Naples, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work as co-first authors.
‡
These authors contributed equally to this work as co-last authors.
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(18), 9135; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189135
Submission received: 28 July 2022 / Revised: 2 September 2022 / Accepted: 8 September 2022 / Published: 12 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women in Oral Medicine, Oral Biology, Oral Microbiology and Oral Bioengineering)
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Abstract

Gender-specific medicine studies how sexual biology and gender-related cultural and behavioral differences may influence a person’s health and considers the differences in clinical features, prevention, therapies, prognosis, and psycho-social aspects of diseases with different impacts on women and men. The present work summarizes the main differential impact each risk factor for oral cancer and periodontitis has according to biological sex- and gender-oriented differences. It resulted in differences in epidemiology and the weight of various healthy determinants that may influence the incidence and prognosis of oral cancer and periodontitis. It is desirable to change the methodology of scientific studies with a higher focus on the weight that sexual variables may have on the well-being or the probability of getting ill of each person, thus promoting the development and diffusion of personalized gender dentistry.
Keywords: gender; sex; oral cancer; periodontitis; oral microbiota; oral microbiome; gender medicine; alcohol; tobacco; smoking; hormones; dysbiosis; epidemiology; risk assessment gender; sex; oral cancer; periodontitis; oral microbiota; oral microbiome; gender medicine; alcohol; tobacco; smoking; hormones; dysbiosis; epidemiology; risk assessment

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MDPI and ACS Style

Di Spirito, F.; Amato, A.; Romano, A.; Dipalma, G.; Xhajanka, E.; Baroni, A.; Serpico, R.; Inchingolo, F.; Contaldo, M. Analysis of Risk Factors of Oral Cancer and Periodontitis from a Sex- and Gender-Related Perspective: Gender Dentistry. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 9135. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189135

AMA Style

Di Spirito F, Amato A, Romano A, Dipalma G, Xhajanka E, Baroni A, Serpico R, Inchingolo F, Contaldo M. Analysis of Risk Factors of Oral Cancer and Periodontitis from a Sex- and Gender-Related Perspective: Gender Dentistry. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(18):9135. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189135

Chicago/Turabian Style

Di Spirito, Federica, Alessandra Amato, Antonio Romano, Gianna Dipalma, Edit Xhajanka, Adone Baroni, Rosario Serpico, Francesco Inchingolo, and Maria Contaldo. 2022. "Analysis of Risk Factors of Oral Cancer and Periodontitis from a Sex- and Gender-Related Perspective: Gender Dentistry" Applied Sciences 12, no. 18: 9135. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189135

APA Style

Di Spirito, F., Amato, A., Romano, A., Dipalma, G., Xhajanka, E., Baroni, A., Serpico, R., Inchingolo, F., & Contaldo, M. (2022). Analysis of Risk Factors of Oral Cancer and Periodontitis from a Sex- and Gender-Related Perspective: Gender Dentistry. Applied Sciences, 12(18), 9135. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12189135

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