Graphite Nanoplatelets Nanostructured Films as Multifunctional Protective Layer in Kevlar/Nomex Sandwich Composites
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Manufacturing Procedure
- (i)
- Stacking of the lower skin according to the layout sequence (0/90)4.
- (ii)
- Core positioning, where the core was prepared according to the final geometry before lamination.
- (iii)
- Stacking by prepregs the core contour (0/90)6 and the upper skin (0/90)4.
- (iv)
- Curing in an oven for 2 h at 120 °C in a vacuum bag.
2.2. Experimental Characterization
3. Results
3.1. GNPs-Protective Coating Functional Properties
3.2. Moisture Diffusion in Sandwich Plates
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Filler Content on Water Uptake
4.2. Ground-Air-Ground (GAG)
- Parking the aircraft on the ground in a cool environment: lower the chamber temperature to −54 C° at a rate of 5 °C/min and keep these conditions for 45 min.
- Lowering the chamber pressure to 120 mbar with a minimum temperature of −54 °C. This condition represents the take-off up to 15,000 m with a maximum ascent rate. Keep these conditions for 40 min.
- Increase the pressure to 1013 mbar and raise the temperature to 70 °C simulating landing in a warm environment and parking on the ground at 70 °C for 25 min.
- Increase relative humidity to 95% and remain in this condition (70 °C and RH 95%) for 60 min (park on the ground in a hot, humid environment).
- Return chamber conditions to 20 °C and 50% and remain for 10 min.
4.3. Non-Destructive Inspection of Sandwich Plates
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Panel ID | Description |
---|---|
P-REF | No coating |
P70-A; P70-B | 70 wt% GNP coating |
P80-A; P80-B | 80 wt% GNP coating |
P90-A; P90-B | 90 wt% GNP coating |
Weight | Time (Days) | Time (Hours) |
---|---|---|
W0 | 0 | 0 |
W1 | 3 | 72 |
W2 | 6 | 144 |
W3 | 13 | 312 |
W4 | 20 | 480 |
W5 | 27 | 648 |
W6 | 34 | 816 |
W7 | 41 | 984 |
wf,nominal [wt%] | Ri [wt%] | wf,real [wt%] |
---|---|---|
70 | 72 | 69 |
80 | 86 | 84 |
90 | 91 | 90 |
Filler Content [wt%] | Resistance, R [Ω] | Width, w [mm] | Length, L [mm] | Thickness, t [µm] | Resistivity, ρ [Ωm] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
80 | 4.70 | 10 | 55 | 72 | 8.54 × 10−5 |
85 | 3.49 | 11 | 57 | 71 | 6.75 × 10−5 |
90 | 1.82 | 16 | 40 | 73 | 4.96 × 10−5 |
Panel ID | wf,real [%] | M @ 41 Days [%] | ΔM/ΔMmax @ 3 Days [-] | D [m2/s] |
---|---|---|---|---|
P REF | - | 3.4 ± 0.11 | 0.55 | 3.8 × 10−12 |
P70 A | 70 | 2.2 ± 0.07 | 0.16 | 3.0 × 10−13 |
P70 B | 70 | 2.3 ± 0.05 | 0.17 | 3.7 × 10−13 |
P80 A | 77 | 2.7 ± 0.13 | 0.21 | 5.2 × 10−13 |
P80 B | 86 | 2.7 ± 0.09 | 0.24 | 7.2 × 10−13 |
P90 A | 91 | 2.9 ± 0.06 | 0.25 | 7.7 × 10−13 |
P90 B | 91 | 3.0 ± 0.08 | 0.26 | 8.0 × 10−13 |
ID | η (t = 3 Days) | η (t = 41 Days) |
---|---|---|
P70 A | −82 ± 3% | −35% ± 4% |
P70 B | −79% ± 2% | −32% ± 6% |
P80 A | −71% ± 4% | −21% ± 2% |
P80 B | −65% ± 3% | −20% ± 2% |
P90 A | −61% ± 4% | −14% ± 5% |
P90 B | −61% ± 5% | −14% ± 3% |
wf,real [wt%] | vf [vol%] | τ [-] |
---|---|---|
68.8 | 52.2 | 560.3 |
84.4 | 72.8 | 781.3 |
90.0 | 81.6 | 875.6 |
Panel ID | M @ Cycle 1 [%] | M @ Cycle 10 [%] |
---|---|---|
P REF | 0.59 ± 0.05 | 1.81 ± 0.08 |
P70 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.08 |
P80 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.64 ± 0.04 |
P90 | 0.17 ± 0.06 | 0.68 ± 0.09 |
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Cilento, F.; Palmieri, B.; Giusto, G.; Volponi, R.; Bruno, G.; Tartaglia, C.C.; Toscano, C.; Giordano, M.; Martone, A. Graphite Nanoplatelets Nanostructured Films as Multifunctional Protective Layer in Kevlar/Nomex Sandwich Composites. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 12812. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312812
Cilento F, Palmieri B, Giusto G, Volponi R, Bruno G, Tartaglia CC, Toscano C, Giordano M, Martone A. Graphite Nanoplatelets Nanostructured Films as Multifunctional Protective Layer in Kevlar/Nomex Sandwich Composites. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(23):12812. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312812
Chicago/Turabian StyleCilento, Fabrizia, Barbara Palmieri, Giovangiuseppe Giusto, Ruggiero Volponi, Giovanni Bruno, Carmine Carandente Tartaglia, Cinzia Toscano, Michele Giordano, and Alfonso Martone. 2023. "Graphite Nanoplatelets Nanostructured Films as Multifunctional Protective Layer in Kevlar/Nomex Sandwich Composites" Applied Sciences 13, no. 23: 12812. https://doi.org/10.3390/app132312812