Influence of Atmospheric Flow Structure on Optical Turbulence Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (i)
- The correct accounting of large-scale advections and diurnal transformations of air masses in domains with relatively high horizontal resolution.
- (ii)
- Reproducibility of meso-scale structures affecting small-scale turbulence.
- (iii)
- The reconstruction of vertical profiles of air temperatures and wind speeds with high temporal and vertical resolution. Using gradient approaches, these data make it possible to estimate the vertical profiles of optical turbulence, as well as the Fried parameter and seeing.
- (iv)
- (v)
- Clarification of spatial locations with the best astroclimatic parameters.
2. Used Methods
2.1. Adaptation of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model within the Baikal Astrophysical Observatory Region
- (i)
- The largest domain had a coarse grid with a horizontal resolution of 8 km over a 1600 × 1600 km area. The largest domain covered Lake Baikal, the Eastern Sayan mountains and surrounding areas, and included radio sounding stations (Angarsk and Nizhneudinsk).
- (ii)
- The nested domain with a ratio of 1/4 corresponded to a 400 × 400 km area. The horizontal resolution in the domain was 2 km.
- (iii)
- The smallest domain above the BAO had a fine horizontal resolution of 500 m. The area of interest was limited to 100 × 100 km.
- (iv)
- There were 44 vertical levels, with higher resolution within the lower layers of the atmosphere. The number of height levels, up to 3100 m, was 12 (Figure 1). In higher layers of the atmosphere, the simulation was performed up to 30,800 m.
2.2. Method to Estimate the Strength of Small-Scale (Optical) Turbulence
3. Integral Strength of Optical Turbulence and Spatial Distributions of Surface Wind Speeds over the BAO
Analysis of Structure of Atmospheric Flows in the Lower Layers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- (i)
- We adapted the WRF model for the Baikal Astrophysical Observatory and Sayan Solar Observatory region. We shown that the YSU parametrization scheme reproduced the local air circulation during the day. The reproducibility of atmospheric parameters in the WRF model deteriorated under stable thermal stratification of the atmosphere. The same issue was pointed out in [38], which was a fine-resolution WRF simulation of stably stratified flows in shallow pre-alpine valleys. The authors found that the diurnal temperature range was underestimated in the WRF model;
- (ii)
- The structure of turbulence over the BAO significantly depended on the orography and characteristics of meso-scale atmospheric disturbances (vortex and jet streams). The BAO is located at the periphery of a meso-scale atmospheric vortex structure with an anticyclonic direction of air flows in the daytime. An analysis of the energy spectra showed that the characteristic scales of this meso-scale vortex structure, whose center is formed north of the BAO, vary from 10 to 20 km;
- (iii)
- We showed that the increase in image quality was due to weakening of the airflow over Lake Baikal, as well as a decrease in meso-scale wind speed fluctuations. In comparison with nighttime characteristics, the daytime spectral characteristics of the wind speed fluctuations, and , increased 2.5–3.3 and 2.0–3.4 times, respectively. The energy of high-frequency fluctuations in wind speed during the day also significantly increased.
- (iv)
- We showed that the daytime spectrum of atmospheric meso-scale turbulence was close to the classical spectrum of strong turbulence (described by the “−5/3” law). At night and in the morning, the spectrum has a steeper slope on small scales. The spatial scales, based on which the spectrum changes its slope from “−5/3” to ∼ “−3”, are associated with the suppression of atmospheric turbulence in stably stratified atmospheric layers. The characteristic scales of the transition between different regions of the spectrum were 2–2.5 km.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Physical Schemes of Parametrization | Description |
---|---|
Yonsei University scheme | Atmospheric boundary layer |
MM5-similarity scheme | Surface layer |
Kain–Fritsch scheme | Cloudiness |
Simple scheme based on Dudhia | Short-wave radiation |
Rapid Radiative Transfer Model scheme | Long-wave radiation |
Thompson scheme | Microphysical processes in clouds |
RUC scheme | Land surface model |
Time | , m/s | ||
---|---|---|---|
8 August | |||
06 h 00 min | 2.7 | 0.38 | 0.51 |
13 h 12 min | 3.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
14 h 09 min | 2.9 | 0.93 | 0.85 |
14 h 51 min | 2.6 | 0.91 | 0.78 |
15 h 54 min | 2.3 | 0.77 | 0.65 |
17 h 09 min | 2.1 | 0.85 | 0.76 |
9 August | |||
00 h 00 min | 1.7 | 0.34 | 0.29 |
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Shikhovtsev, A.Y.; Kovadlo, P.G.; Lezhenin, A.A.; Korobov, O.A.; Kiselev, A.V.; Russkikh, I.V.; Kolobov, D.Y.; Shikhovtsev, M.Y. Influence of Atmospheric Flow Structure on Optical Turbulence Characteristics. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031282
Shikhovtsev AY, Kovadlo PG, Lezhenin AA, Korobov OA, Kiselev AV, Russkikh IV, Kolobov DY, Shikhovtsev MY. Influence of Atmospheric Flow Structure on Optical Turbulence Characteristics. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(3):1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031282
Chicago/Turabian StyleShikhovtsev, Artem Y., Pavel G. Kovadlo, Anatoly A. Lezhenin, Oleg A. Korobov, Alexander V. Kiselev, Ivan V. Russkikh, Dmitrii Y. Kolobov, and Maxim Y. Shikhovtsev. 2023. "Influence of Atmospheric Flow Structure on Optical Turbulence Characteristics" Applied Sciences 13, no. 3: 1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031282
APA StyleShikhovtsev, A. Y., Kovadlo, P. G., Lezhenin, A. A., Korobov, O. A., Kiselev, A. V., Russkikh, I. V., Kolobov, D. Y., & Shikhovtsev, M. Y. (2023). Influence of Atmospheric Flow Structure on Optical Turbulence Characteristics. Applied Sciences, 13(3), 1282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031282