Characterization of Pyrolysis Products of Forest Residues and Refuse-Derived Fuel and Evaluation of Their Suitability as Bioenergy Sources
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Characterization
2.2. Experimental Procedure of Pyrolysis Tests
2.3. Characterization of Pyrolysis Products
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of Raw Materials and Product Yield
3.2. Solid Products—Biochars
3.3. Liquid Products–Bio-Oils
3.4. Gaseous Products
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Volatile Matter | Fixed Carbon | Ash | C | H | N | O | S | HHV (MJ/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCO | 76.9 | 17.5 | 5.6 | 47.8 | 6.7 | 0.2 | 39.6 | 0.05 | 19.9 |
FOR | 84.5 | 15.0 | 0.5 | 46.0 | 6.5 | - | 47.0 | - | 17.3 |
RDF | 84.8 | 0.3 | 14.9 | 52.8 | 8.2 | 0.3 | 23.8 | - | 26.3 |
Sample | Temperature (°C) | Organic Matter | Ash | C | H | N | O | HHV (MJ/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PCO | 350 | 87.9 | 12.1 | 62.7 | 4.9 | 1.1 | 19.2 | 24.8 |
450 | 84.9 | 15.1 | 62.9 | 3.2 | 1.0 | 17.8 | 22.7 | |
550 | 79.5 | 20.5 | 63.4 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 13.2 | 21.8 | |
FOR | 350 | 98.6 | 1.4 | 68.4 | 4.0 | - | 26.2 | 24.2 |
450 | 98.4 | 1.6 | 62.7 | 2.9 | - | 32.8 | 19.5 | |
550 | 97.7 | 2.3 | 56.5 | 2.1 | - | 39.1 | 15.2 | |
RDF | 350 | 80.2 | 19.8 | 69.2 | 10.8 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 38.7 |
450 | 66.7 | 33.3 | 52.0 | 6.0 | 0.1 | 8.6 | 24.6 | |
550 | 46.1 | 53.9 | 34.2 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 10.7 | 11.1 |
Sample | B/A | Sv | AI | Deposition Tendency |
---|---|---|---|---|
PCO | 0.93 | 51.9 | 0.14 | medium/high/low |
FOR | 4.3 | 18.2 | 0.02 | high/high/low |
RDF | 1.5 | 28.8 | 0.19 | high/high/low |
Sample | PCO | FOR | RDF | Heavy Fuel Oil [31] | Flash Pyrolysis Oil [31] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density (g/cm3) | 0.94 | 0.93 | 1.30 | 0.94 | 1.23 |
Dynamic viscosity (cP) | 7.0 | 1.5 | 110.6 | 180.0 | 55–180 |
pH | 3.0 | 2.1 | 3.1 | - | 2.4 |
C (%) | 59.0 | 52.4 | 43.5 | 85.2 | 44–46 |
H (%) | 8.9 | 7.9 | 5.0 | 11.1 | 6.6–7.1 |
N (%) | 1.2 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 0.3 | - |
S (%) | - | - | - | 2.3 | - |
O (%) | 30.9 | 39.6 | 47.6 | 1.0 | 47–49 |
HHV (MJ/kg) | 27.1 | 21.9 | 13.4 | 40.0 | 15.0–17.5 |
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Vamvuka, D.; Esser, K.; Marinakis, D. Characterization of Pyrolysis Products of Forest Residues and Refuse-Derived Fuel and Evaluation of Their Suitability as Bioenergy Sources. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031482
Vamvuka D, Esser K, Marinakis D. Characterization of Pyrolysis Products of Forest Residues and Refuse-Derived Fuel and Evaluation of Their Suitability as Bioenergy Sources. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(3):1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031482
Chicago/Turabian StyleVamvuka, Despina, Katerina Esser, and Dimitrios Marinakis. 2023. "Characterization of Pyrolysis Products of Forest Residues and Refuse-Derived Fuel and Evaluation of Their Suitability as Bioenergy Sources" Applied Sciences 13, no. 3: 1482. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031482