Energy-Exergy Analysis of Diesel Engine Fueled with Microalgae Biodiesel-Diesel Blend
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biodiesel Production
2.2. Oil Extraction from Dried Microalgae
2.3. Conversion of Oil to Biodiesel
2.4. Test Fuel for Engine
2.5. Research Engine
2.6. Energy Calculations
- The air–fuel mixture for combustion and exhaust gases were supposed as ideal gases.
- The total energy produced by the fuel–air mixture was considered to be the energy input to the control volume; however, some part of it leaves as exhaust and other losses.
- Kinetic and potential energies were neglected.
2.7. Exergy Calculations
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Energy Analysis
3.2. Exergy Analysis
3.3. Sustainability Index
3.4. Statistical Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions and Future Scope
- The energy–exergy analysis and SI value of a direct-injected diesel engine have been significantly impacted by the characteristics of biodiesel.
- With a minor exception, the results for all blends were in good agreement with the pure diesel.
- The deviation of exergy efficiency and thermal efficiency was observed as 5.09 and 5.71% for Diesel and SBF20 respectively.
- Maximum destruction exergy was observed at the 100% loading condition with SBF100 fuel blend, at 46.60%, whereas maximum power output was for diesel and SBF20, with 31.06% and 30.79% of total fuel energy input.
- The sustainability index was found in the range of 1.27 to 1.45.
- The increase in engine load increases the sustainability index and exergy efficiency in all fuel blends.
- With the use of exergy analysis along with energy analysis, we were able to obtain findings that were more accurate and realistic.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature and Symbols
BP | Brake power, |
Qexh, | Exhaust gas losses |
YGME | Yellow Grese methyl ester |
FAME | Fatty ester methyl easter |
HRR | Heat Release rate |
ANN | Artificial neural network |
DICI | Direct ignition combustion engine |
PDSO | Pithecellobium dulce seed oil |
CO2 | Carbon dioxide |
NOx | Nitrogen oxide |
ASTM | American Society for Testing Materials |
RPM | Revolution per minute |
DAQ | Data acquisition systems |
SBF20 | 20% of spirulina microalgae biodiesel and 80% diesel |
SBF40 | 40% of spirulina microalgae biodiesel and 60% diesel |
SBF60 | 60% of spirulina microalgae biodiesel and 40% diesel |
SBF80 | 80% of spirulina microalgae biodiesel and 20% diesel |
SBF100 | 100% of spirulina microalgae biodiesel |
Qw | Cooling water losses |
Qun | Unaccounted losses |
TP | Transesterification process |
GHGs | Greenhouse gases |
CP | Cylinder pressure |
RSM | Response surface method |
SME | Soyabean methyl ester |
FFA | Free fatty acid |
HC | hydrocarbon |
CR | Compression ratio |
LHV | Lower heating value |
ANOVA | Analysis of variance |
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Reference | Speed (rpm) | Rated Power (kW) | Type of Fuel Blends | Engine Type | Observation Taken for | Exergy Efficiency (Max) | Thermal Efficiency (Max) | Sustainability Index (Max) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
The present study | 1500 | 3.7 | Diesel, microalgae-based biodiesel. | Kirloskar, ¼, DI engine 80 × 110 mm × mm compression-ignition, single cylinder, | 25, 50, 75, and 100% (0.92, 1.96, 2.92 and 3.7 kW) | 31.06% | 32.7% | 1.46 |
Romas et al. [31] | 1800 | 188 | Natural gas, Diesel, and dual fuel | commercial engine (Cummins 6CTA), with mechanical power of 188 kW @ 1800 rpm, coupled to an electric generator Onan Genset of 150 kW. | 10 kW to 150 kW | 32.6% diesel and 51.7% dual fuel | 35% diesel and 53% dual fuel | - |
Lopez et al. [28] | 2250 | 34 | Olive pomace oil and diesel blend | direct injection diesel engine Perkins AD 3–152 and 18.5:1 compression ratio | Full load with speed variation 1300–2250 RPM | 24.27 | NA | - |
Bengi et al. [34] | 2700 | 68 (91 hp) | Diesel, hazelnut biodiesel, and canola biodiesel fuels. | Mitsubishi Canter 4D31 Direct injection diesel with glow plug, 3298cc | At constant load with 1500, 1800, 2100 and 2400 RPM | 36.45% | 38.85% | 1.43 |
Karthickeyan et al. [32] | 1500 | 5.2 | Methyl ester of Pumpkin seed oil (B1) and Moringa oleifera oil (B2) | Kirloskar/TV1 Direct injection, water cooled, vertical, diesel, naturally aspired engine 01/04 5.2 kW 87.5/110 Compression Ignition (CI) 17.5:1 210 bar | combustion chamber bowl geometry modification 20, 40, 60, 80, 100% load | 64.82%, 66.35% and 63.1% respectively for diesel B1 and B2 | 33.52%, 32.7% and 31.9% for diesel, B1 and B2 respectively. | - |
Abhishek et al. [35] | 1500 | 3.6 | blends of Diesel-ethanol and Pongamia methyl ester (PPME) | Kirloskar, Model TV-1, 4 stroke Water cooled, VCR Engine.87.5 mm and 110 mm | 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% | 30.09% | 31.80% | - |
S No | Crop | Oil Yield (Liters per Hectares) |
---|---|---|
1 | Corn | 172 |
2 | Canola | 1190 |
3 | Coconut | 2689 |
4 | Cotton | 325 |
5 | Castor | 1307 |
6 | Camelina | 915 |
7 | Jatropha | 1892 |
8 | Hemp | 363 |
9 | Palm | 5950 |
10 | Microalgae (high oil content) | 136,900 |
11 | Microalgae (low oil content) | 58,700 |
12 | Microalgae (medium oil content) | 97,800 |
13 | Mustard | 572 |
14 | Rapeseed | 974 |
15 | Soybean | 446 |
16 | Sunflower | 1190 |
Fatty Acid Name | Chemical Name | Composition (by wt%) |
---|---|---|
Lauric acid | C12:0 | 0.67 |
Mystic acid | (C14:0) | 22.73 |
Plamitic acid | (C16:0) | 49.28 |
Palmitoleic acid | (C16:1) | 2.81 |
Stearic acid | (C18:0) | 5.32 |
Oleic acid | (C18:1) | 2.44 |
Linoleic acid | (C18:2) | 5.71 |
Linoleuic acid | (C18:3) | 7.89 |
Gondoic acid | (C20:1) | 1.06 |
Eicosadienoic acid | (C20:2) | 2.09 |
Blending Ratio | Density at 15 °C (kg/m3) | Viscosity at 40 °C (mm2/s) | Cetane Number | Lower Heating Value (MJ/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pure Diesel | 830 | 2.6 | 48.52 | 42.50 |
SBF20 | 836.17 | 3.03 | 49.26 | 42.28 |
SBF40 | 842.26 | 3.54 | 49.97 | 42.05 |
SBF60 | 848.25 | 4.14 | 50.67 | 41.82 |
SBF80 | 854.17 | 4.84 | 51.34 | 41.59 |
SBF100 | 860 | 5.66 | 52.00 | 41.36 |
S. No. | Parameters | Specifications |
---|---|---|
1 | Engine | 1/4, DI engine |
2 | Bore × stroke | 80 × 110 mm × mm |
3 | Connecting rod length | 235 mm |
4 | Compression ratio | 17.5 |
5 | Maximum power | 3.7, kW |
6 | Fuel injection pressure | 220 bar |
7 | Injection timing | 23.5° b TDC |
8 | Dynamometer | Eddy current |
Source | Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 25.17 | 9 | 2.8 | 41,217.33 | <0.0001 | significant |
A-load | 1.6 | 1 | 1.6 | 23,536.72 | <0.0001 | |
B-Blend | 0.0056 | 1 | 0.0056 | 82.34 | <0.0001 | |
AB | 0.0049 | 1 | 0.0049 | 72.39 | <0.0001 | |
A ² | 0.037 | 1 | 0.037 | 545.32 | <0.0001 | |
B ² | 0.0013 | 1 | 0.0013 | 19.1 | 0.0006 | |
A ²B | 0.0033 | 1 | 0.0033 | 48.13 | <0.0001 | |
AB ² | 0.0007 | 1 | 0.0007 | 10.44 | 0.006 | |
A ³ | 0.0011 | 1 | 0.0011 | 16.94 | 0.001 | |
B ³ | 0.0003 | 1 | 0.0003 | 4.15 | 0.0611 | |
Residual | 0.0009 | 14 | 0.0001 | |||
Lack of Fit | 0.0003 | 13 | 0 | 0.0397 | 0.9998 | not significant |
Std. Dev. | 0.0082 | R² | 1 |
---|---|---|---|
Mean | 3.23 | Adjusted R² | 0.9998 |
C.V.% | 0.2547 | Predicted R² | 0.9997 |
Adeq Precision | 562.7536 |
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Tiwari, C.; Verma, T.N.; Dwivedi, G.; Verma, P. Energy-Exergy Analysis of Diesel Engine Fueled with Microalgae Biodiesel-Diesel Blend. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031857
Tiwari C, Verma TN, Dwivedi G, Verma P. Energy-Exergy Analysis of Diesel Engine Fueled with Microalgae Biodiesel-Diesel Blend. Applied Sciences. 2023; 13(3):1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031857
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiwari, Chandrabhushan, Tikendra Nath Verma, Gaurav Dwivedi, and Puneet Verma. 2023. "Energy-Exergy Analysis of Diesel Engine Fueled with Microalgae Biodiesel-Diesel Blend" Applied Sciences 13, no. 3: 1857. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13031857