Figure 1.
Typhoon Soulik: (a) Typhoon center track, and (b) Observation tower.
Figure 1.
Typhoon Soulik: (a) Typhoon center track, and (b) Observation tower.
Figure 2.
Changes in average wind velocity and direction over time.
Figure 2.
Changes in average wind velocity and direction over time.
Figure 3.
Comparison between measured results and theoretical results of wind profiles at different wind speeds: (a) Different wind profile, and (b) Measured and theoretical results.
Figure 3.
Comparison between measured results and theoretical results of wind profiles at different wind speeds: (a) Different wind profile, and (b) Measured and theoretical results.
Figure 4.
Correlation coefficients and normalized standard deviation distribution Taylor plots of each standard and measured wind profiles.
Figure 4.
Correlation coefficients and normalized standard deviation distribution Taylor plots of each standard and measured wind profiles.
Figure 5.
Turbulence intensity changes with average wind speed: (a) 15 m, (b) 27 m, (c) 53 m, (d) 67 m, and (e) 82 m.
Figure 5.
Turbulence intensity changes with average wind speed: (a) 15 m, (b) 27 m, (c) 53 m, (d) 67 m, and (e) 82 m.
Figure 6.
Distribution of turbulence with height: (a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse, and (c) Vertical.
Figure 6.
Distribution of turbulence with height: (a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse, and (c) Vertical.
Figure 7.
Wind speed spectrum analysis at different heights: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 7.
Wind speed spectrum analysis at different heights: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 8.
Longitudinal turbulence varies with height.
Figure 8.
Longitudinal turbulence varies with height.
Figure 9.
Turbulence variation with altitude and the fitting curve: (a) Transverse and (b) Vertical.
Figure 9.
Turbulence variation with altitude and the fitting curve: (a) Transverse and (b) Vertical.
Figure 10.
Relationship between gust factor and average wind velocity: (a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse, and (c) Vertical.
Figure 10.
Relationship between gust factor and average wind velocity: (a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse, and (c) Vertical.
Figure 11.
Relationship between gust factor, height, and fitting curve.
Figure 11.
Relationship between gust factor, height, and fitting curve.
Figure 12.
Gust factor variation with the intensity of turbulence: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 12.
Gust factor variation with the intensity of turbulence: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 13.
The change in crest factor: (a) Average wind speed and (b) Height.
Figure 13.
The change in crest factor: (a) Average wind speed and (b) Height.
Figure 14.
Probability density distribution of longitudinal fluctuating wind speed at each height: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 14.
Probability density distribution of longitudinal fluctuating wind speed at each height: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 15.
Changes in the integral scale of turbulence with the average wind speed: (a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse, and (c) Vertical.
Figure 15.
Changes in the integral scale of turbulence with the average wind speed: (a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse, and (c) Vertical.
Figure 16.
Probability density distribution diagram of integral scale of turbulence in various orientations: (a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse, and (c) Vertical.
Figure 16.
Probability density distribution diagram of integral scale of turbulence in various orientations: (a) Longitudinal, (b) Transverse, and (c) Vertical.
Figure 17.
Longitudinal power spectra: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 17.
Longitudinal power spectra: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 18.
Power spectra at different heights: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Figure 18.
Power spectra at different heights: (a) 15 m, (b) 53 m, and (c) 82 m.
Table 1.
Turbulence intensity ratio.
Table 1.
Turbulence intensity ratio.
Researcher | Typhoon | Height (m) | | Location |
---|
Cao et al. [24] | Maemi | 10 | 1:0.83:0.56 | Japan |
Wang et al. [18] | Meari | 40 | 1:0.9:0.50 | Shanghai, China |
Lin et al. [12] | Haitang | 32 | 1:0.83:0.56 | Fujian, China |
Present Results | Soulik | 15 | 1:1.28:0.66 | Fujian, China |
53 | 1:1.31:0.84 |
82 | 1:1.17:0.86 |
Table 2.
The empirical formula of turbulence intensity with height in the specification.
Table 2.
The empirical formula of turbulence intensity with height in the specification.
Country | Standard | Empirical Expression |
---|
American [22] | ASCE-7 | |
Japanese [25] | AIJ2004 | |
European [26] | Eurecode | |
Table 3.
Formula for fitting turbulence intensity.
Table 3.
Formula for fitting turbulence intensity.
Typhoon | Direction of Turbulence | Formula |
---|
Soulik | | |
| |
| |
Table 4.
Formula for fitting gust factor.
Table 4.
Formula for fitting gust factor.
Researcher | Direction | Expression |
---|
Present Results | Longitudinal | |
Transverse | |
Vertical | |
Table 5.
Fitting parameters and .
Table 5.
Fitting parameters and .
Typhoon | Height (m) | | |
---|
Soulik | 15 | 0.862 | 1.291 |
53 | 0.759 | 1.203 |
82 | 0.718 | 1.361 |
Table 6.
Ratio of integral length scales in each direction of turbulence.
Table 6.
Ratio of integral length scales in each direction of turbulence.
Researcher | Wind Type | Observed Altitude (m) | |
---|
Kato et al. [27] | Typhoon | 55.7 | 1:0.33:0.17 |
86.0 | 1:0.50:0.17 |
Hui et al. [28] | Strong breeze | 50 | 1:0.46:0.19 |
Song et al. [29] | Typhoon | 60 | 1:0.66:0.16 |
Wang et al. [30] | Typhoon | 10 | 1:0.69:0.08 |
20 | 1:0.61:0.09 |
40 | 1:0.65:0.13 |
Presents Results | Typhoon | 15 | 1:0.68:0.11 |
53 | 1:0.67:0.27 |
83 | 1:0.67:0.30 |
Table 7.
Fitting parameters and mathematical expressions.
Table 7.
Fitting parameters and mathematical expressions.
Height (m) | | | | Kaimal |
---|
15 | 2.4 | 65.4 | 1.29 | |
53 | 5.1 | 45.9 | 1.62 | |
82 | 3.1 | 44.3 | 1.61 | |