The Importance of Micronutrient Adequacy in Obesity and the Potential of Microbiota Interventions to Support It
Abstract
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Abstract
1. Introduction
- Effects of micronutrient-deficient diet on obesity;
- Effects of obesity on micronutrient deficiency;
- Effects of micronutrient supplementation on weight management and metabolic health in obesity;
- Mechanisms used by microorganisms to impact the bioavailability of micronutrients;
- Effects of the interventions into microbiota on the micronutrient status of humans.
2. Methodology
3. Effects of Micronutrient-Deficient Diet on Obesity
4. Effects of Obesity on Micronutrient Deficiency
5. Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Weight Management and Metabolic Health in Obesity
5.1. Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Body Weight Reduction
5.2. Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Lipid Homeostasis
5.3. Effects of Micronutrient Supplementation on Glucose Homeostasis
5.4. Doses of Micronutrients That Were Found to Be Effective in Aiding Weight Loss and Metabolic Health
6. Mechanisms Used by Microorganisms to Impact the Bioavailability of Micronutrients
7. Effects of the Interventions into Microbiota on the Micronutrient Status of Humans
8. Conclusions
9. Recommendations for Further Research
- What is the effect of micronutrient supplementation on the lean and obese microbiome?
- What does the lean and obese microbiome do with micronutrients?
- What fraction of micronutrients that were exposed to obese and lean microbiome passes through the intestinal epithelium?
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Micronutrient | Via 2012 [3] | Roust and DiBaise, 2017 * [4] | Ciobârcâ et al., 2022 * [5] |
---|---|---|---|
Vitamin A | 17 | 0–17 | - |
Vitamin D | 80–90 | 22–80 | 20–98 |
Vitamin C | 35–35 | - | - |
Vitamin B1 | 15–29 | - | - |
Vitamin B6 | 0–11 | - | - |
Vitamin B9 | 3–4 | 0–32 | 0–63 |
Vitamin B12 | 3–8 | 0–12 | 5–34 |
Magnesium | - | 0–35 | - |
Calcium | - | 0–14 | - |
Iron | - | 1–9 | 2–29 |
Selenium | 58 | 3 | - |
Zinc | 14–30 | 0–3 | - |
Micronutrient | Mean or Median % Change within Group | Studied Group | Mean or Median Weight Loss within Group (kg) | Treatment Duration | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum vit. A | −22 | Danish ^ adults with obesity | 12 | 8 weeks | [28] |
Serum vit. E | −25 | ||||
Plasma vit. C | −27 | American ^ adults with obesity | 4 | 4 weeks | [29] |
Erythrocyte vit. B1 | −12 | Australian ^ adults with T2D 1 and regular levels of vit. B1 in the diet | 10 | 16 weeks | [30] |
Plasma vit. B6 | 52 | Spanish ^ women with obesity on hypocaloric cereal-based diet | 3 | 6 weeks | [31] |
Serum vit. B9 | 217 | Danish ^ adults with obesity | 12 | 8 weeks | [28] |
Serum vit. B12 | 24 | ||||
Serum Mg | 5 | Norwegian ^ patients with a BMI in the obese range | 10 | 8 weeks | [32] |
Serum Ca | <−1 | Jordanian ^ women with obesity | 10 | 3 months | [33] |
Serum Fe | 35 | Jordanian ^ women (18–30 years old) | 7 | 3 months | [34] |
Serum Se | <−1 | Cypriot ^ adults | 1 | 8 weeks | [35] |
Serum Zn | 10 | Egyptian ^ students on low-carbohydrate diet | 6 | 40 days | [36] |
Micronutrient | Studied Group | Number of People Included | Measure | 95% Confidence Interval | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vit. A | Iranian ^ OB reproductive-aged women | 56 | MD −1.5 * | −1.8, −1.3 | [73] |
Vit. D | OW and OB participants of weight loss programs | 947 | MD −0.4 | −1.1, 0.2 | [74] |
Vit. E | OW and OB adults | 1245 | WMD −0.1 | −2.1, 2.0 | [55] |
Vit. C | Iraqi ^ Adults with MetS | 120 | MD 0.0 | 0.0, 0.0 | [75] |
Vit. B1 | Mexican OW and OB adults with T2D | 36 | MD −0.6 | N/A | [76] |
Vit. B6 | Iranian ^ dieting OB and OW women | 44 | MD −1.4 * | −2.5, −0.4 | [77] |
Vit. B9 | Adults | 457 | WMD −0.2 | −0.5, 0.2 | [78] |
Vit. B12 | Iranian ^ adults with NAFLD | 40 | DBM −0.6 | N/A | [79] |
Mg | Adults | 2551 | WMD 0.2 | −0.3, 0.7 | [80] |
Ca | OW and OB adults | 662 | MD −0.7 * | −1.0, −0.5 | [81] |
Se | Iranian ^ women with PCOS given probiotics, Spanish ^ healthy men on isocaloric diet, Italian ^ dieting OB adults | 60, 24, and 37, respectively | MD −0.8 in all studies; * only in women with PCOS | Range from individual RCTs | [82,83,84] |
Zn | OW and OB adults otherwise healthy | 245 | WMD −0.6 | −1.1, −0.0 | [42] |
Cr | Adults with T2D | 636 | WMD −0.3 | −0.7, 0.2 | [58] |
Micronutrient | Studied Group | Number of People Included | Measure (95% Confidence Interval) | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect Size | TG (mg/dL) | TC (mg/dL) | LDL (mg/dL) | HDL (mg/dL) | ||||
Vit. A | Iranian ^ OB reproductive-aged women | 56 | MD | 6.2 (−0.9, 13.3) | 1.2 (−5.0, 7.4) | 4.3 (−12.8, 21.3) | −3.1 (−4.3, −1.9) | [73] |
Vit. D | OW OB children and adolescents | 595 | WMD | −4.3 (−20.2, 11.6) | −0.2 (−2.4, 2.1) | −4.6 (−12.8, 3.7) | 1.0 (−1.2, 3.2) | [89] |
Vit. E | Patients with diabetes | 613 | WMD | 1.3 (−9.2, 11.9) | −0.7 (−15.0, 13.7) | −0.5 (−8.3, 7.3) | 0.7 (−1.3, 2.6) | [56] |
Vit. C | Adults with T2D | 872 | WMD | −16.5 (−31.9, −1.1) | −13.0 (−23.1, −2.9) | −7.5 (−17.3, 2.3) | 2.2 (−0.5, 5.0) | [90] |
Vit. B1 | Adults with T2D | 364 | MD | −20.3 (−44.3 to 3.5) | - | 5.4 (−6.6, 17.4) | 3.9 (0.4, 7.7) | [91] |
Vit. B6 | Iranian ^ dieting OB and OW women | 44 | MD | −11.4 (−19.8, −2.9) | −13.5 (−20.1, −6.9) | −9.4 (−14.8, −4.0) | −0.5 (−3.3, 2.3) | [77] |
Vit. B9 | Adults | 21,718 | WMD | −9.8 (−15.5, 4.0) | −4.0 (−6.7, −1.2) | −1.0 (−6.8, 4.9) | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.4) | [92] |
Vit. B12 | Iranian ^ adults with NAFLD | 40 | DBM | −16.5 (N/A) | - | 5.5 (N/A) | −0.1 (N/A) | [79] |
Mg | Adults | 1192 | WMD | −0.9 (−22.1, 3.5) | 1.2 (−4.3, 6.2) | −0.4 (−5.0, 4.3) | 1.2 (−0.1, 2.3) | [93] |
Ca | Adults | 1119 | WMD | 1.7 (−2.7, 7.1) | 0.00 (−4.3, 4.6) | −3.1 (−6.1, −0.4) | −0.4 (−1.6, 0.4) | [94] |
Se | Adults | 2984 | WMD | −0.8 (−4.7, 3.1) | −2.1 (−4.1, −0.1) | 0.9 (−1.2, 3.0) | 0.3 (−0.7, 1.3) | [95] |
Zn | Adults with T2D | 1357 | WMD | −17.4 (−22.6, −12.2) | −19.6 (−28.5, −10.7) | −8.8 (−14.8, −2.8) | 4.8 (0.9, 8.8) | [88] |
Cr | Adults | 12,844 | ES | −0.2 (−0.5, 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.4, 0.2) | −0.1 (−0.2, 0.0) | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.1) | [59] |
Micronutrient | Studied Group | Number of People Included | Measure (95% Confidence Interval) | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect Size | FG (mg/dL) | FI (µIU/mL) | HOMA-IR | HbA1c (%) | ||||
Vit. A | Iranian ^ OB reproductive-aged women | 56 | MD | 0.5 (−1.6, 2.7) | - | - | - | [73] |
Vit. D | Patients with diabetes | 2006 | MD | −2.7 (−7.8, 2.4) | - | −0.1 (−0.5, 0.4) | −0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | [51] |
Vit. E | Patients with diabetes | 2171 | MD | −3.4 (−8.1, 1.4) | −1.1 (−1.5, −0.6) | −0.4 (−0.8, −0.1) | −0.2 (−0.3, −0.1) | [57] |
Vit. C | OW and OB adults with T2D | 1447 | WMD | −10.7 (−18.5, −2.9) | −1.7 (−3.2, −0.3) | −0.9 (−2.0, 0.3) | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.2) | [115] |
Vit. B1 | Adults with T2D | 364 | MD | −3.6 (−12.4, 5.2) | - | - | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.3) | [91] |
Vit. B6 | Iranian ^ dieting OB and OW women | 44 | MD | −1.0 (−5.0, 3.0) | −1.5 (−2.2, −0.8) | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.3) | - | [77] |
Vit. B9 | Adults | 34,646 | WMD | −2.2 (−3.7, −0.7) | −0.2 (−0.4, −0.1) | −0.4 (−0.7, −0.1) | −0.3 (−0.7, 0.2) | [116] |
Vit. B12 | Iranian ^ adults with NAFLD | 40 | DBM | −3.5 (N/A) | −1.3 (N/A) | −0.3 (N/A) | - | [79] |
Mg | Adults | 1362 | WMD | −3.6 (−8.1, 0.9) | −0.3 (−1.4, 0.7) | −0.7 (−1.2, −0.1) | 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1) | [117] |
Se | Adults | 1411 | WMD | −1.3 (−4.0, 1.4) | −3.0 (−5.1, −0.9) | −0.8 (−2.1, 0.5) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | [118] |
Zn | OW and OB adults | 651 | WMD | −8.6 (−14.0, −3.1) | −0.8 (−2.5, −0.9) | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.3) | −0.3 (−0.4, −0.1) | [119] |
Cr | Patients with T2D | 1350 | WMD | −19.0 (−36.2, −1.9) | −1.8 (−2.6, 1.0) | −1.5 (−2.4, −0.7) | −0.7 (−1.2, −0.2) | [60] |
Micronutrient | Studied Group | Range in Studies Included in Analysis (Dose/Day) | Parameter for Which the Effective Dose was Proposed | Suggested Effective Dose per Day | Reference | UL per Day | AR per Day | AI per Day |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vit. D | OW and OB children and adolescents | 357–42,857 IU | HDL, CRP | ≥4000 IU | [89] | 4000 IU (100 µg) 2 | 600 IU (15 µg) | |
Vit. E | Patients with diabetes | 90–1620 mg | HbA1c, FI | 400–700 mg | [57] | 300 mg 3 | 11 and 13 mg 7 | |
Vit. C | OW and OB adults with T2D | 250–2000 mg | HOMA-IR | ≥1000 mg | [115] | N/A | 80 and 90 mg 7 | |
Vit. B1 | Adults with T2D | 100–900 mg | TG | 120 mg | [91] | N/A | 0.6–0.8 and 0.7–1 mg 7 | |
Vit. B6 | Iranian ^ dieting OB and OW women | 80 mg | TG, TC, LDL, FI, HOMA-IR, Body weight | 80 mg 1 | [77] | 25 mg 4 | 1.3 and 1.5 mg 7 | |
Vit. B9 | Adults | 0.25–15 mg | HOMA-IR, TC, LDL | ≥5 mg | [92,116] | 1 mg 5 | 0.25 mg | |
Mg | Adults | 48–450 mg | BMI | ≥350 mg | [80] | 250 mg 6 | 300 and 350 mg 7 | |
Ca | Adults | 800–2000 mg | LDL | ≥1000 mg | [94] | 2500 mg | 750 and 860 mg 7 | |
Se | Adults | 100–300 µg | TG, TC | 200 µg | [109] | 300 µg | 70 µg | |
Zn | T2D adults with Zn sufficiency | 22–660 mg | Body weight, TG | ≥50 mg | [88] | 25 mg | 6.2–8.9 and 7.5–11.0 mg 7 | |
Cr | T2D Adults | 200–740 µg | TG | >500 µg | [59] | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Supplementation in Treatment Group | Micronutrient | Researched Population | Type of Research and Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Familact® with L. casei, L. rhamnosus, S. thermophilus, B. breve, L. acidophilus, B. longum, L. bulgaricus, and FOS; MV and mineral supplement (not disclosed if given by the investigators or advised to take), intramuscular vitamin B12 | vitamin B12, B9, and D↑ | 46 Iranian ^ women after one anastomosis gastric bypass/mini gastric bypass surgery | RCT with placebo [169] |
Flora Vantage® L. acidophilus NCFM, B. lactis Bi-07, and MV | Vitamin B9, B12, and D *↑ | 101 Brazilian ^ patients after Roux-en-Y surgery | RCT with placebo [170] |
LactoWise® B. coagulans, galactomannans, advised to supplement MV with emphasis on vitamins D, B12, C, and Fe | Vitamin B12 and D | 60 American ^ patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy | RCT with placebo [171] |
Puritan’s Pride® containing Lactobacillus, advised to supplement MV and vitamin B12 | Vitamin B12↑ | 44 American ^ patients after Roux-en-Y surgery | RCT, no placebo [172] |
L. acidophilus, B. breve, B. longum, L. delbrueckii susp. bulgaricus, L. helveticus, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, L. casei, Lc. lactis susp. lactis, S. thermophilus, soluble fiber Nutriose®, and multivitamin | Ferritin and haemoglobin | 48 German ^ patients after mini gastric bypass surgery | RCT with placebo [173] |
Bio-25® L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, L. rhamnosus, L. lactis, L. casei, B. breve, S. thermophilus, B. longum, L. paracasei, L. plantarum, B. infantis, no information about MV supplement given | Ferritin and haemoglobin *↓ | 100 Israeli ^ patients after sleeve gastrectomy surgery | RCT with placebo [174] |
L. reuteri NCIMB 30242 | Vitamin A, D↑, E, β-carotene, Ca | 127 Czech ^ hypercholesterolemic adults | Post-hoc analysis of RCT with placebo [175] |
L. acidophilus, B. bifidum, L. reuteri, L. fermentum and vitamin D at 50,000 IU every two weeks in addition to vitamin D 1000 IU and B9 400 µg daily supplementation | Vitamin D↑ | 87 Iranian ^ women with gestational diabetes | RCT with placebo [176] |
L. acidophilus La-B5, B. lactis Bb-12 in yogurt enriched with vitamin D | Vitamin D | 119 Iranian ^ adults with obesity on low-calorie diet | RCT with placebo [177] |
B. bifidum W23, B. lactis W51, B. lactis W52, L. acidophilus W37, L. brevis W63, L. casei W56, L. salivarius W24, Lc. lactis W19, and Lc. lactis W58 at two doses | Serum Fe, Zn *↑, Cu Hair Fe *↓, Zn, Cu | 90 Polish ^ postmenopausal women with obesity | RCT with placebo [178] |
L. acidophilus, L. casei, L. rhamnosus, L. bulgaricus, B. breve, B. longum, S. thermophilus, and FOS | Ca↑, Zn, Mg, Fe | 58 Iranian ^ patients with T2D | RCT with placebo [179] |
Inulin from chicory enriched with FOS | Ca↑ | 46 Iranian ^ women with T2D | RCT with placebo [180] |
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Rudzka, A.; Kapusniak, K.; Zielińska, D.; Kołożyn-Krajewska, D.; Kapusniak, J.; Barczyńska-Felusiak, R. The Importance of Micronutrient Adequacy in Obesity and the Potential of Microbiota Interventions to Support It. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114489
Rudzka A, Kapusniak K, Zielińska D, Kołożyn-Krajewska D, Kapusniak J, Barczyńska-Felusiak R. The Importance of Micronutrient Adequacy in Obesity and the Potential of Microbiota Interventions to Support It. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(11):4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114489
Chicago/Turabian StyleRudzka, Agnieszka, Kamila Kapusniak, Dorota Zielińska, Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska, Janusz Kapusniak, and Renata Barczyńska-Felusiak. 2024. "The Importance of Micronutrient Adequacy in Obesity and the Potential of Microbiota Interventions to Support It" Applied Sciences 14, no. 11: 4489. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114489