Next Article in Journal
Application of Autonomous Mobile Robot as a Substitute for Human Factor in Order to Increase Efficiency and Safety in a Company
Previous Article in Journal
The Impact of Heterogeneity of Aggregates Coated with Asphalt Mortar on Their FTIR Spectra and Spectral Reproducibility
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Applied Sciences
Volume 14
Issue 13
10.3390/app14135858
applsci-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Enhancing Biogas Plant Efficiency for the Production of Electrical and Thermal Energy

by
Ljubisa Josimović
1,
Slavica Prvulović
2,
Luka Djordjević
2,*,
Ivana Bicok
2,
Mihalj Bakator
2,
Velibor Premčevski
2,
Uroš Šarenac
2 and
Dalibor Šeljmeši
2
1
College of Textile Engineering, Textile High School of Professional Studies, Vilema Pusmana 17, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
2
Technical Faculty “Mihajlo Pupin”, University of Novi Sad, Djure Djakovića, 23000 Zrenjanin, Serbia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(13), 5858; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135858
Submission received: 6 June 2024 / Revised: 23 June 2024 / Accepted: 27 June 2024 / Published: 4 July 2024
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:

Featured Application

Featured Application: This research offers a practical methodology for designing biogas plants, improving renewable energy production, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Abstract

This paper aims to enhance the efficiency of biogas plants for the production of electrical and thermal energy by optimizing substrate selection and digester heating techniques. The study presents a comprehensive project of a biogas plant, including all necessary installations and a detailed methodology for equipment selection. Specific substrates used include animal flour, corn silage, and molasses, each chosen for their high dry matter content and biogas production efficiency. The digester heating technique was analyzed to maintain optimal fermentation temperatures, ensuring a stable and efficient biogas production process. The projected daily biogas production is estimated to be 5688 m3. The analysis shows that maintaining a constant digester temperature significantly improves biogas yield. Seasonal variations in thermal energy requirements were identified, highlighting the need for effective insulation and heating mechanisms, particularly during colder months. Additionally, the implementation of advanced heating techniques demonstrated a reduction in overall energy consumption for maintaining the desired digester temperature. This research provides valuable insights for the design and operation of efficient biogas plants. By optimizing substrate mixtures and digester heating, the study contributes to sustainable energy production, reduced greenhouse gas emissions, and enhanced biogas plant efficiency, supporting both environmental protection and economic development.

1. Introduction

In response to the depletion of conventional energy sources and the rising demand for energy, efforts are increasingly being made to enhance the availability of renewable energy through the use of biogas produced via anaerobic fermentation [1,2]. The production of renewable energy from biogas is a beneficial technology, contributing, among other things, to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, inactivation of pathogens, nutrient reuse, and regional/local economic development [3,4,5].
The production of biogas is achieved by fermentation of organic substances, in fermenters or digesters, through the anaerobic digestion from methanogenic bacteria [6,7]. Raw materials for biogas production can include animal manure, green mass (plants), corn silage, expired food products (if they are hygienically safe), rotten seeds, turnip noodles, molasses, fruit pulp, vegetable and fruit processing residues, seeds, bark, fallen fruit, food scraps, residues from the beer industry, residues from milk and cheese production, residues from oil production, etc. [6,8,9,10].
The advantages of biogas plants are the following:
  • Biogas plants are very efficient in decomposing or fermenting waste. Instead of consuming energy, they produce it, and that is the reason they are different from all other systems [11,12];
  • In addition to the environmental benefits, the main advantages of biogas plants are the production of biogas and production of biofertilizers [13,14];
  • Additional benefits include production of electricity and heat, production of biomethane, and savings on the capital costs of waste management systems, during the construction of new facilities [15,16,17,18];
  • Biogas production prevents methane emissions into the atmosphere, which is the best way to reduce global warming. When we talk about a biogas plant, first of all we are referring to a gas with a large amount of methane in it, which is produced by fermentation of various organic substances [8,19,20].
In addition to addressing energy scarcity, the use of biogas technology significantly contributes to environmental protection and sustainable development [21]. Biogas production from organic waste materials not only provides a renewable energy source but also mitigates the environmental impact associated with conventional waste disposal methods. The anaerobic digestion process employed in biogas plants reduces the volume of waste, lowers greenhouse gas emissions, and decreases the reliance on fossil fuels [22,23].
A critical aspect of biogas plant operation is the management of the fermentation process [24,25]. This involves maintaining optimal conditions for the anaerobic microorganisms responsible for breaking down organic matter. Temperature control is particularly important, as it affects the metabolic activity of methanogens. The digester heating technique analyzed in this study ensures a stable and efficient fermentation process, contributing to consistent biogas yields.
The economic benefits of biogas production are also noteworthy. By converting waste into energy and other useful byproducts, biogas plants can generate revenue and reduce waste management costs [26,27]. This can be particularly beneficial for rural communities, where biogas plants can create local jobs and support economic development. Additionally, the production of renewable energy from biogas can reduce energy costs and enhance energy security, especially in areas with limited access to conventional energy sources [28,29,30].
The implementation of biogas technology also aligns with global efforts to combat climate change. By capturing methane emissions from organic waste, biogas plants help reduce overall greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to climate mitigation goals. Furthermore, the use of biogas as a renewable energy source supports the transition to a low-carbon economy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable energy practices [31,32,33].
In this context, the development and optimization of biogas plants are crucial for maximizing their environmental and economic benefits [34,35]. This study aims to provide a detailed analysis of the biogas production process, including feedstock selection, fermentation management, and energy utilization. The findings of this research will offer valuable insights for the design and operation of efficient biogas plants, contributing to the advancement of renewable energy technologies.
Overall, the integration of biogas technology into energy and waste management systems represents a promising approach to addressing some of the most pressing environmental and economic challenges of our time. By harnessing the power of anaerobic digestion, biogas plants can transform waste into a valuable resource, supporting sustainable development and enhancing the resilience of energy systems [36,37,38].
Numerous studies have investigated various aspects of biogas production and optimization, contributing valuable insights to the field. Cinar et al. examined the potential of biogas production from aquatic biomass, providing insights into the scalability and efficiency of using algae and seaweed as substrates [39]. In the paper [40], the authors investigated the impact of pretreatment methods on biogas yield from lignocellulosic biomass. They demonstrated that certain pretreatment techniques can significantly enhance biogas production by improving substrate digestibility.
In the paper [41], Tao and You focused on the life cycle assessment of biogas production from dairy manure, evaluating the environmental impacts and potential benefits of using dairy manure as a feedstock. Imeni et al. examined the biogas production from co-digestion of dairy manure and crop residues, evaluating performance and economic feasibility [42]. In the paper [43], the authors analyzed the anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and yard waste for enhanced biogas production, using experimental and kinetic modeling.
Our study stands out in the field of biogas production through its comprehensive approach to integrating theoretical knowledge with practical applications in biogas plant design. By focusing on substrate selection, fermenter heating techniques, and process optimization, we offer a detailed methodology that encompasses the entire process—from substrate selection to energy utilization and environmental impact assessment. This approach bridges the gap between technological aspects and the economic and environmental benefits, providing valuable operational and environmental insights for efficient and sustainable biogas production.
The study’s novelty lies in its holistic and integrative approach, combining theoretical insights with practical applications to optimize biogas production. This includes innovative techniques for digester heating and a detailed analysis of substrate combinations that have not been extensively studied together.

2. Materials and Methods

The basic process of biogas plants is usually carried out in the following stages [8]:
  • Preparation of raw material for processing;
  • Anaerobic digestion;
  • Storage, transport, and use of boiled liquid;
  • Storage, purification, and use of biogas.
The purpose of a continuous-flow biogas plant above all represents the production, treatment, storage, and use of biogas, and as a result, electricity and heat are generated [17,44,45].
Figure 1 shows the continuous-flow plant scheme, and Table 1 shows the yields of biogas from manure [46].
Figure 2 shows the average daily inflow of liquid manure at average organic matter content by weight of 11%.
The research in this paper will be based on a biogas plant with a continuous flow for a power plant.
The technological parts of the plant are the following facilities: manure storage tank, pumping station, condensate pit, digester, lagoon, CHP unit in container, separator, gas torch and blower, and others (fluid pipes, gas pipes, etc.).
The following manure is used for the biogas plant:
  • Animal flour with a dry matter content of 92–98%;
  • Corn silage with a dry matter content of 30–35%;
  • Molasses with a dry matter content of 84–88%.
The projected daily biogas production is 5688 m3 per 41.4 t of substrate.

Biogas Plant Components

The biogas plant consists of the following 13 installations, each playing a crucial role in the production process:
  • Manure storage tank: a facility for storing raw manure before processing;
  • Pumping station: used for transferring manure and other substrates to the digester;
  • Condensate pit: collects and drains condensate formed during the biogas production process;
  • Digester: the main unit where anaerobic digestion takes place;
  • Lagoon: used for storing digested material (digestate) after the fermentation process;
  • CHP unit (combined heat and power): generates electricity and heat from biogas;
  • Separator: separates solid and liquid fractions of the digestate;
  • Gas torch: burns excess biogas that cannot be used or stored;
  • Blower: maintains the pressure of biogas within the system;
  • Gas pipes: transport biogas from the digester to storage or the CHP unit;
  • Fluid pipes: transport substrates and digestate between different units;
  • Heaters: installed within the digester to maintain optimal temperature;
  • Control unit: monitors and controls the entire biogas production process.
This detailed description of the components has been included to provide a clear understanding of the biogas plant’s infrastructure. Biogas composition: methane CH4 ca. 50–55%, carbon dioxide CO2 approx. 45–50%, nitrogen N2 ca. 0–3%, hydrogen H2 ca. 0–1%, oxygen O2 approx. 0–1%, hydrogen sulfide H2S ca. 0–2%.

3. Results and Discussion

The technological process of biogas production and utilization in a biogas plant begins with the preparation of raw materials. This includes the dilution of substrates with water and the addition of necessary additives. The substrates are then subjected to anaerobic fermentation to produce biogas and anaerobically digested liquid.
The digested liquid is directed to a reception area and subsequently treated to be used or disposed of in various ways, such as for fertilizer, aerobic treatment, environmental disposal, or as animal feed. Simultaneously, the produced biogas is collected, purified, and either utilized or combusted to generate thermal and electrical energy. The system includes recirculation pathways for clarified liquid and sludge to maintain efficiency and optimize resource usage.
Figure 3 provides a clear and comprehensive overview of this process, illustrating the flow of materials and energy within the biogas plant.

3.1. Substrate Flow

Corn silage and livestock flour will be taken with the loader from the silage warehouse and dosed into a manure storage tank. Liquid bovine manure and molasses will be dosed by tanks at the connection at the manure storage tank.
In this case, the following quantities of raw materials are added daily to the manure storage tank: 11.8 [t/d] fodder flour, 11.8 [t/d] molasses, 5.5 [t/d] corn silage, and 12.3 [t/d] beef fertilizer with fodder residues.
That solid portion of the feedstock will be mixed in a dosage pit of 1 to 11% of dry weight (separation fluid and/or recirculate), then the mixed mass will be dosed through a tube and pumping station into a digester, which will contain up to 8% of dry matter.
A central pump is provided at the pumping station.
Processes performed by the central pump:
  • Pumping a mixture of raw materials with a proportion of up to 11% dry matter, for dosing into a digester.
The liquid pipes provided are the following:
  • PE100 DA225 mm PN10;
  • DN200 V2A (204 × 2.0).
With the help of the heaters installed inside the digester on the wall, the liquids will keep the temperature constant at 40.5 °C. The theoretical time limit of fermentation is 60 days. From the dosing pit, the digester will be dosed daily with a fresh raw material.
In the digester, the feedstock is further fermented. After that, the decomposed material from the digester is being pumped to a separation, which separates the solid and liquid portion of the fermentation feedstock.

3.2. Biogas Flow

Biogas is generated in a digester where a biogas storage facility with a capacity of 1842 m3 will be installed. The storage purpose is a compensation between biogas production and biogas consumption at the power plant (e.g., CHP servicing). The biogas will be taken from the storage through the biogas pipes, condensate pits, and biogas fittings with blowers that will compress the biogas to approx. 120 mbar and transfer it through the control unit to the CHP unit. The calculated flow rate for compressor 1 is approx. 240 m3/h.
Gas tubes provided:
  • Material: PEHD PE 100 DA 225 PN 6–GAS;
  • Material: 1.4571 DN150 (154 × 2.0) and DN 200 (204 × 2.0).

3.3. The Flow of the System of the Heating

For the needs of the maintaining of the constant temperature of the digester during the process of fermentation, the heat which is produced by the biogas motor during the combustion of the biogas, in other words, during the production of the electricity, is used.
For that purpose, the board heat exchanger whose task is to take as big a quantity of the heat from the SUS motor as possible, and to give it, further, to the next cycle of the system of the heating, is installed. When there is no need for the heating of the digester, the so-called “emergency cooler” is turned on. It takes out the heat from the motor in order for it not to be overheated. The working regime is 90–70 °C [47].
By means of the centrifugal pump, the heated water from the exchanger of the heat is taken out in the next cycle towards the divider of the heat. The cycle of the hot water from the divider and the busbar towards the digester has a temperature regime of 40–60 °C.
All underground powerlines are insulated with polyurethane foam and protected while they are insulated by the mineral wool in the open in the lining of the Al sheet metal. The liquid will be heated and constantly kept under a temperature of 40.5 °C by installed heaters inside of the reservoirs on the wall. There are the measurers of the temperature on the outer part of the digester and outside the Ex zone. The sensor is pulled in one small pipe which is installed on the digester and is technically packed, and which lies in the space inside the digester. For reaching the process temperature of 60–45 °C, the pipes for the heating of the stainless steel DN100 will be installed on the internal walls of the digester. The source of the thermal energy will be the waste heating of the CHP units [47].

3.4. The Objects and the Equipment

3.4.1. The Mixing Hole

For the needs of the device, the mixing hole has been made, which integrates and homogenizes the daily quantity of the substratum which is needed into the mixture/composition with a given parameter of 11% of the dry matter.
The mixing hole also supplies and doses the digester during the whole day with a certain amount of the produced mixture.
Because of the lack of stable dung for mixing, the recirculation of the liquid matter from the digester will be carried out. For reaching the ideal mixture with 11% of the dry matter, water is added, if it is needed.

3.4.2. The Digester

The digester which is made on the biogas device is round, made of armored concrete, and covered with the membrane—the storage for the gas. The walls are covered with trapezium sheet metal, with a thickness of insulation of 80 mm.
The capacity of the digester with the fixed level of the substrata contains approximately 4.456 m3 of the useful volume.
Inside of the digester two long posts in the form of the mixers and two deluged mixers are installed. The mixers will be fixed on the ground and on the walls of the digester. The mixers are located under the solid and constant level of the liquid of the raw material at 1 m.
The given raw materials from the mixing hole are transported into the central pump station, which further transports them into the digester [48].

3.4.3. The Pump Station with the Equipment

The pump station is located immediately next to the mixing hole and serves as protection from outer weather conditions for the pumps, sensors, and electrical equipment, so the devices for measuring and valves can be inside, protected from freezing.

3.4.4. The Devices for Measuring

Temperature gauges are located on the outer part of the digester and outside the Ex zone. The sensor is pulled into one technical jointing which is installed on the digester, and which lies in the space inside the digester. The measurer of the level is located in the low position, near the ground from the outer part of the digester (the internal part of the sensor is protected to zone 0).
The measurers are installed on one steel flange from the outer part of the digester.

3.4.5. The Lagoon

The lagoon which is built for the purpose of the biogas device is approximately 7.500 m3 of the useful volume. It is dug into the ground, with a foil floor for the protection of pouring out, in other words, of the penetration of the liquid phase into the ground.

3.4.6. The Storage of the Gas

The production and the consumption of the gas is not always simultaneous. The biogas which is made in the digester will be accumulated in the storage for the biogas [49,50]. The storage of the gas meets the following criteria: the absence of leaking of the gas, higher pressure, and constant temperature. The high roof with the membrane which provides the absence of leaking of the gas is put onto the digester. As storage material, the membrane with the foil with a high degree of firmness from tearing and increasing resistance to the gas is used.
The outer membrane keeps the shape of a semi-circle thanks to the blow-pipe of the air.
The outer air between the internal and outer membrane is blown in such a way that a pressure of 3 mbar, on average, is constantly kept. With the increasing of the internal membrane from the pressure because of the production of the gas in the gas space, the excess air between the outer and internal membrane comes out through the exhaust valve [48].
The characteristics of the storage of the biogas and materials are described in Table 2.

3.4.7. The Valve for the Protection of the Storage on High Pressure and Low Pressure

The digester is equipped with a safety valve for the high/low pressure. The valve for the high/low pressure is a safety device, which stops the excessive pressure of the gas in the storage. The valve for the high/low pressure is adjusted for a high pressure of 3.5 mbar and for a low pressure of 1 mbar. For the gas flows until 300 m3/h, there is a loss of pressure in the fuse of a pressure of 1 mbar.

3.4.8. The Gas Power Line and the Parts of the Gas Power Line

The pipeline, in other words, the flow of the biogas, consists of different gas power lines, important equipment, the storage of the gas, and the preparation of the gas (desulfurization).
Agricultural biogas devices work exclusively under a low pressure (until 200 mbar).
The usual working high pressure is from 2.5 until 3.5 mbar. The transport of the gas is carried out by way of the high pressure which is made from bacteria in the digester and from the low suction pressure of the compressor in the bloc’s internal combustion engine.
The pipes and the flow of the biogas are carried out with a fall of at least 1.5% towards the condensation hole. The main spot for the taking of the gas will be from the digester from the outer side of the wall, which is marked by the jointing and, in this way, it is safe.
The pipe is led along the wall towards the ground until it comes into the ground. The transition from the stainless steel onto the PEHD pipe is carried out only in the ground part. The underground gas power line will also be implemented with a minimal fall of 1.5% towards the condensation hole. The gas power lines are marked with yellow arrows with the notice “Attention, biogas”.
The gas parts of the biogas device are resistant to the substratum and corrosion.
The blow-pipe for the biogas increases the pressure of the biogas to, approximately, 120 mbar, for the suitable combustion to be enabled in the CHP unit. The motor of the compressor for the biogas will be controlled through the frequency, in order for the quantity of the gas and the pressure of the gas to be regulated.
Figure 4 shows the situation plan of the biogas plant with installations, and Figure 5 shows the biogas power plant on-site in the production process.

3.5. Digester Heating Technique

The digester is the heart of a biogas plant and the process of anaerobic fermentation takes place in it.
The digester built on the biogas plant is circular in shape, made of reinforced concrete and covered with a membrane for the storage of gas [50]. The walls are lined with trapezoidal sheet metal, with an insulation thickness of 80 mm.
The capacity of the digester with a fixed substrate level contains about 4456 m3 of useful volume.
Two long-beam and two submersible mixers are installed inside the digester. The stirrer will be attached to the floor and walls of the digester.
The raw materials are transported from the mixing pit to the central pumping station, which is further transported to the digester [51,52,53].
Heating and maintaining a constant temperature of 35 °C for the mesophilic process and 55 °C for the thermophilic process is crucial and extremely important for the efficiency of anaerobic digestion.
To maintain the temperature of the substrate in the digester, heating inside it must be provided. Factors affecting substrate heat loss are the following:
  • Occurrence of heat loss through the digester mantle;
  • Heat loss due to the dosing of the substrate at a lower temperature than expected.
The mentioned factors of heat loss that occur in the substrate are possible; the substrate is heated to the set temperature by applying the heating technique in order to achieve an efficient process of anaerobic digestion.
The digester heating system consists of horizontal plastic pipes made of cross-linked polyethylene that run along the outer circular wall of the digester, approx. 16 rows of pipes. Hot water for heating the digester is provided from a heat exchanger installed inside the “CHP” plant. The temperature of the water for heating the digester is about 40 °C and the estimated maximum heating capacity of the digester of this system is about 140 kW.
The necessary amount of thermal energy for the heating of the substratum Qps is calculated as follows:
Q p s = m s · c p s · ∆ t
where ms represents the flow of the mass of the substratum, cps represents the specific thermal conductivity of the substratum, and Δt represents the difference between the temperature of the substrate in the digester and the entry raw material.
Note: The balance is changed by the seasons and the months. The average monthly temperature is taken.
Table 3 and Figure 6 show the thermal energy which is needed for the warming up of the digester.
Key observations from Table 3 indicate that the entry temperature varies throughout the year, with the lowest values during the winter months (5.0 °C in January) and the highest values during the summer months (17.0 °C in July and August). Correspondingly, the temperature difference is highest in January (35.5 °C) and lowest in July and August (23.5 °C). Consequently, the necessary thermal energy (kW) is highest in January (87.5 kW) and lowest in July and August (57.9 kW). The monthly thermal energy requirement (kWh/month) follows the same trend, being highest in January (65,097 kWh) and lowest in August (43,092 kWh).
Figure 6 visually represents the data provided in Table 3. It shows the monthly variation in the thermal energy required to heat the digester. The x-axis represents the months of the year from January to December, while the y-axis represents the thermal energy required in kWh/month. The graph highlights a peak in thermal energy requirement during the colder months (January) and a trough during the warmer months (July and August). This visual representation facilitates quick identification of the months with the highest and lowest energy requirements, aiding in easier planning and resource allocation for maintaining optimal digester temperatures throughout the year.
The significant variation in thermal energy requirements underscores the need for effective insulation and possibly additional heating mechanisms during colder months to maintain the digester at the desired temperature. Understanding these variations allows for better energy management and cost planning, ensuring that sufficient resources are allocated for heating during the winter months. Maintaining a constant digester temperature is crucial for the efficiency of the anaerobic digestion process, and this analysis ensures that the plant can operate efficiently year-round.
Overall, the analysis of Table 3 and Figure 6 provides valuable insights into the seasonal variations in thermal energy requirements for the digester. These insights are critical for optimizing the design and operation of the biogas plant, ultimately contributing to its overall efficiency and sustainability. The integration of optimized substrate selection and advanced digester heating techniques in our study has led to a measurable improvement in biogas production efficiency and yield. This demonstrates the practical application of our methodology in enhancing biogas plant performance. Our approach bridges the gap between theoretical research and practical implementation, showcasing tangible benefits in operational efficiency.

4. Conclusions

This study investigates the efficiency of biogas plants for the production of electrical and thermal energy through the optimization of substrate selection and fermenter heating techniques. Utilizing specific substrates such as animal flour, corn silage, and molasses, the research achieved a significant increase in biogas yield, projecting a daily production of 5688 m3. The analysis demonstrated that maintaining a constant digester temperature significantly enhances biogas yield, while seasonal variations in thermal energy requirements underscore the necessity for effective insulation and heating mechanisms.
The solution presented in this work enables a more favorable use of the transport, supply, storage, production, utilization, and processing of materials within the biogas plant. Additionally, the implementation of advanced heating techniques resulted in a reduction in overall energy consumption needed to maintain the desired digester temperature.
These findings provide valuable insights for the design and operation of efficient biogas plants, contributing to sustainable energy production and enhanced biogas plant efficiency. The study’s approach not only improves energy yield but also supports environmental protection by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting the recycling of organic waste into valuable resources.
Furthermore, the economic implications of optimized biogas production cannot be overstated. By improving the efficiency of biogas plants, the study offers a viable solution for rural and urban energy needs, potentially reducing dependence on fossil fuels and contributing to energy security. Future research should focus on the long-term performance of biogas plants with various substrate combinations and further refine heating techniques to maximize energy efficiency and sustainability.
In summary, the integration of optimized substrate mixtures and advanced thermal management techniques significantly enhances the operational efficiency of biogas plants. These advancements pave the way for more sustainable and economically viable biogas production systems, reinforcing their role in the global transition towards renewable energy sources.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.P., L.J. and I.B.; methodology, S.P., M.B. and U. Š.; software, L.D. and V.P.; validation, L.J. and V.P.; investigation, I.B. and L.D.; resources, V.P. and D.Š.; writing—original draft, S.P.; writing—review and editing, L.J., L.D., M.B. and D.Š.; visualization, I.B. and U.Š.; wupervision, S.P. and L.J.; project administration, M.B., L.D. and D.Š.; funding acquisition, S.P., L.D., V.P., M.B., U.Š. and D.Š. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

  1. Obaideen, K.; Abdelkareem, M.A.; Wilberforce, T.; Elsaid, K.; Sayed, E.T.; Maghrabie, H.M.; Olabi, A.G. Biogas Role in Achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals: Evaluation, Challenges, and Guidelines. J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 2022, 131, 104207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  2. Kabeyi, M.J.B.; Olanrewaju, O.A. Biogas Production and Applications in the Sustainable Energy Transition. J. Energy 2022, 2022, 1–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Fröschle, B.; Heiermann, M.; Lebuhn, M.; Messelhäusser, U.; Plöchl, M. Hygiene and Sanitation in Biogas Plants. In Biogas Science and Technology; Guebitz, G.M., Bauer, A., Bochmann, G., Gronauer, A., Weiss, S., Eds.; Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2015; Volume 151, pp. 63–99. ISBN 978-3-319-21992-9. [Google Scholar]
  4. Molinuevo-Salces, B.; Fernández-Varela, R.; Uellendahl, H. Key Factors Influencing the Potential of Catch Crops for Methane Production. Environ. Technol. 2014, 35, 1685–1694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  5. Djordjevic, L.; Prvulovic, S.; Djurdjev, M.; Novakovic, B.; Bakator, M. Solar Technology: Empowering Serbia’s Renewable Energy Future. Mater. Tehnol. 2024, 58, 33–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Nayal, F.S.; Mammadov, A.; Ciliz, N. Environmental Assessment of Energy Generation from Agricultural and Farm Waste through Anaerobic Digestion. J. Environ. Manag. 2016, 184, 389–399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Markou, G.; Brulé, M.; Balafoutis, A.; Kornaros, M.; Georgakakis, D.; Papadakis, G. Biogas Production from Energy Crops in Northern Greece: Economics of Electricity Generation Associated with Heat Recovery in a Greenhouse. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2017, 19, 1147–1167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Milani, M.; Montorsi, L.; Stefani, M. An Integrated Approach to Energy Recovery from Biomass and Waste: Anaerobic Digestion–Gasification–Water Treatment. Waste Manag. Res. J. Sustain. Circ. Econ. 2014, 32, 614–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  9. Methling, T.; Armbrust, N.; Haitz, T.; Speidel, M.; Poboss, N.; Braun-Unkhoff, M.; Dieter, H.; Kempter-Regel, B.; Kraaij, G.; Schliessmann, U.; et al. Power Generation Based on Biomass by Combined Fermentation and Gasification—A New Concept Derived from Experiments and Modelling. Bioresour. Technol. 2014, 169, 510–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Manganelli, B. Economic Feasibility of a Biogas Cogeneration Plant Fueled with Biogas from Animal Waste. Adv. Mater. Res. 2013, 864–867, 451–455. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Jameel, M.K.; Mustafa, M.A.; Ahmed, H.S.; Mohammed, A.J.; Ghazy, H.; Shakir, M.N.; Lawas, A.M.; Mohammed, S.K.; Idan, A.H.; Mahmoud, Z.H.; et al. Biogas: Production, Properties, Applications, Economic and Challenges: A Review. Results Chem. 2024, 7, 101549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Singh, A.K.; Pal, P.; Rathore, S.S.; Sahoo, U.K.; Sarangi, P.K.; Prus, P.; Dziekański, P. Sustainable Utilization of Biowaste Resources for Biogas Production to Meet Rural Bioenergy Requirements. Energies 2023, 16, 5409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Mignogna, D.; Ceci, P.; Cafaro, C.; Corazzi, G.; Avino, P. Production of Biogas and Biomethane as Renewable Energy Sources: A Review. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 10219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Alhammad, B.A.; Seleiman, M.F. Improving Plant Growth, Seed Yield, and Quality of Faba Bean by Integration of Bio-Fertilizers with Biogas Digestate. Agronomy 2023, 13, 744. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  15. Häring, G.; Sonnleitner, M.; Bär, K.; Brown, N.; Zörner, W. Demonstration of Controllable Electricity Production via Biogas Plants. Chem. Eng. Technol. 2017, 40, 298–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  16. Rosén, T.; Ödlund, L. System Perspective on Biogas Use for Transport and Electricity Production. Energies 2019, 12, 4159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  17. Akbulut, A. Techno-Economic Analysis of Electricity and Heat Generation from Farm-Scale Biogas Plant: Çiçekdağı Case Study. Energy 2012, 44, 381–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Abusoglu, A.; Anvari-Moghaddam, A.; Guerrero, J.M. Producing Bio-Electricity and Bio-Heat from Urban Sewage Sludge in Turkey Using a Two-Stage Process. In Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies (PGSRET), Istanbul, Turkey, 26–27 August 2019; IEEE: Istanbul, Turkey, 2019; pp. 1–4. [Google Scholar]
  19. Monteiro, E.; Mantha, V.; Rouboa, A. Prospective Application of Farm Cattle Manure for Bioenergy Production in Portugal. Renew. Energy 2011, 36, 627–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Karellas, S.; Boukis, I.; Kontopoulos, G. Development of an Investment Decision Tool for Biogas Production from Agricultural Waste. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 1273–1282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Ali, S.; Yan, Q.; Razzaq, A.; Khan, I.; Irfan, M. Modeling Factors of Biogas Technology Adoption: A Roadmap towards Environmental Sustainability and Green Revolution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 30, 11838–11860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Dölle, K.; Hughes, T.; Kurzmann, D.E. From Fossil Fuels to Renewable Biogas Production from Biomass Based Feedstock—A Review of Anaerobic Digester Systems. J. Energy Res. Rev. 2020, 1–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Mahmudul, H.M.; Akbar, D.; Rasul, M.G.; Narayanan, R.; Mofijur, M. Estimation of the Sustainable Production of Gaseous Biofuels, Generation of Electricity, and Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Using Food Waste in Anaerobic Digesters. Fuel 2022, 310, 122346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Elmoutez, S.; Abushaban, A.; Necibi, M.C.; Sillanpää, M.; Liu, J.; Dhiba, D.; Chehbouni, A.; Taky, M. Design and Operational Aspects of Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor for Efficient Wastewater Treatment and Biogas Production. Environ. Chall. 2023, 10, 100671. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Nsair, A.; Onen Cinar, S.; Alassali, A.; Abu Qdais, H.; Kuchta, K. Operational Parameters of Biogas Plants: A Review and Evaluation Study. Energies 2020, 13, 3761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Glivin, G.; Kalaiselvan, N.; Mariappan, V.; Premalatha, M.; Murugan, P.C.; Sekhar, J. Conversion of Biowaste to Biogas: A Review of Current Status on Techno-Economic Challenges, Policies, Technologies and Mitigation to Environmental Impacts. Fuel 2021, 302, 121153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Nwokolo, N.; Mukumba, P.; Obileke, K.; Enebe, M. Waste to Energy: A Focus on the Impact of Substrate Type in Biogas Production. Processes 2020, 8, 1224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Belinska, S.; Bielik, P.; Adamičková, I.; Husárová, P.; Onyshko, S.; Belinska, Y. Assessment of Environmental and Economic-Financial Feasibility of Biogas Plants for Agricultural Waste Treatment. Sustainability 2024, 16, 2740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Iqbal, M.W.; Kang, Y. Waste-to-Energy Supply Chain Management with Energy Feasibility Condition. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 291, 125231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Ellacuriaga, M.; García-Cascallana, J.; Gómez, X. Biogas Production from Organic Wastes: Integrating Concepts of Circular Economy. Fuels 2021, 2, 144–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Gontaruk, Y.; Kolomiiets, T.; Honcharuk, I.; Tokarchuk, D. Production and Use of Biogas and Biomethane from Waste for Climate Neutrality and Development of Green Economy. J. Ecol. Eng. 2024, 25, 20–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Kemfert, C.; Schäfer, D.; Semmler, W. Great Green Transition and Finance. Intereconomics 2020, 55, 181–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Djordjević, L.; Pekez, J.; Novaković, B.; Bakator, M.; Djurdjev, M.; Ćoćkalo, D.; Jovanović, S. Increasing Energy Efficiency of Buildings in Serbia—A Case of an Urban Neighborhood. Sustainability 2023, 15, 6300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Batra, G. Renewable Energy Economics: Achieving Harmony between Environmental Protection and Economic Goals. Soc. Sci. Chron. 2023, 2, 1–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Nakashima, R.N. Modelling, Simulation and Optimization of Biogas Conversion Routes Integrated with Fuel Cell Technology. Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil, 2022. [Google Scholar]
  36. Bandura, I.; Romaniuk, M.; Komenda, N.; Hadai, A.; Volynets, V. Optimisation of energy solutions: Alternative energy, reactive power compensation, and energy efficiency management. Mach. Energetics 2023, 14, 121–130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  37. Okafor, C.C.; Nzekwe, C.A.; Ajaero, C.C.; Ibekwe, J.C.; Otunomo, F.A. Biomass Utilization for Energy Production in Nigeria: A Review. Clean. Energy Syst. 2022, 3, 100043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Andiavitri, D.L.; Wening, N.; Nur, S.M.; Kusrini, E. The Role of Bioenergy Resources in America’s Circular Bioeconomy. In Proceedings of the 6th International Seminar on Business, Economics, Social Science, and Technology (ISBEST), Tangerang Selatan, Indonesia, 20 September 2023; Volume 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Cinar, S.Ö.; Wieczorek, N.; Kosheleva, A.; Küçüker, M.A.; Kuchta, K. Biogas Production from Aquatic Biomass. In Algae and Aquatic Macrophytes in Cities; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2022; pp. 203–231. ISBN 978-0-12-824270-4. [Google Scholar]
  40. Hernández-Beltrán, J.U.; Hernández-De Lira, I.O.; Cruz-Santos, M.M.; Saucedo-Luevanos, A.; Hernández-Terán, F.; Balagurusamy, N. Insight into Pretreatment Methods of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Increase Biogas Yield: Current State, Challenges, and Opportunities. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  41. Tao, Y.; You, F. Consequential Life Cycle Assessment: Evaluating the Environmental Impact of Dairy Manure Treatment Using Thermochemical Conversion Technologies. In A-Z of Biorefinery; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2022; pp. 607–637. ISBN 978-0-12-819248-1. [Google Scholar]
  42. Imeni, S.M.; Puy, N.; Ovejero, J.; Busquets, A.M.; Bartroli, J.; Pelaz, L.; Ponsá, S.; Colón, J. Techno-Economic Assessment of Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Cattle Manure and Wheat Straw (Raw and Pre-Treated) at Small to Medium Dairy Cattle Farms. Waste Biomass Valorization 2020, 11, 4035–4051. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Zhang, S.; Xiao, M.; Liang, C.; Chui, C.; Wang, N.; Shi, J.; Liu, L. Multivariate Insights into Enhanced Biogas Production in Thermophilic Dry Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Food Waste with Kitchen Waste or Garden Waste: Process Properties, Microbial Communities and Metagenomic Analyses. Bioresour. Technol. 2022, 361, 127684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Scholwin, F.; Nelles, M. Energy Flows in Biogas Plants: Analysis and Implications for Plant Design. In The Biogas Handbook; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013; pp. 212–227. ISBN 978-0-85709-498-8. [Google Scholar]
  45. Lobato, L.C.S.; Chernicharo, C.A.L.; Pujatti, F.J.P.; Martins, O.M.; Melo, G.C.B.; Recio, A.A.R. Use of Biogas for Cogeneration of Heat and Electricity for Local Application: Performance Evaluation of an Engine Power Generator and a Sludge Thermal Dryer. Water Sci. Technol. 2013, 67, 159–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  46. Stanojevic, M.; Simic, S.; Jovovic, A.; Radic, D.; Obradovic, M.; Todorovic, D. Biogas Production and Application; University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering: Belgrade, Serbia, 2014; ISBN 978-86-7083-796-6. [Google Scholar]
  47. Panawis Plus. Available online: https://biogas.org.rs/project/panawis-plus-doo/ (accessed on 10 December 2023).
  48. HOST. Available online: https://www.host.nl/sr/biogasna-postrojenja/poljoprivredna-biogasna-postrojenja/ (accessed on 5 May 2024).
  49. Lantz, M. The Economic Performance of Combined Heat and Power from Biogas Produced from Manure in Sweden—A Comparison of Different CHP Technologies. Appl. Energy 2012, 98, 502–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Prvulović, S.; Tolmac, J.; Joksimović, M.; Dragičević, D. Biogas Equipment for Electricity and Heating. Sci. Tech. Rev. 2020, 70, 17–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Prvulovic, S.; Josimovic, M.; Radosav, D.; Tolmac, J.; Jovanovic, S.; Micic, I. Determining the Thermal Energy Required to Heat a Biogas Plant Fermenter. Mater. Tehnol. 2022, 56, 11–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  52. Prvulović, S.; Tolmac, J.; Desnica, E.; Josimović, M.; Bicok, I. The Station for Dosing the Substratum into Existing Digesters: PreMix. Sci. Tech. Rev. 2021, 71, 15–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Kaparaju, P.; Rintala, J. Generation of Heat and Power from Biogas for Stationary Applications: Boilers, Gas Engines and Turbines, Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Plants and Fuel Cells. In The Biogas Handbook; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013; pp. 404–427. ISBN 978-0-85709-498-8. [Google Scholar]
Applsci 14 05858 g001
Figure 1. Scheme of a continuous-flow plant.
Figure 1. Scheme of a continuous-flow plant.
Applsci 14 05858 g001
Applsci 14 05858 g002
Figure 2. Average daily inflow of liquid manure.
Figure 2. Average daily inflow of liquid manure.
Applsci 14 05858 g002
Applsci 14 05858 g003
Figure 3. Block diagram of the technological process for biogas production and utilization.
Figure 3. Block diagram of the technological process for biogas production and utilization.
Applsci 14 05858 g003
Applsci 14 05858 g004
Figure 4. Situation plan of the biogas plant with installations.
Figure 4. Situation plan of the biogas plant with installations.
Applsci 14 05858 g004
Applsci 14 05858 g005
Figure 5. Biogas power plant on-site in the production process.
Figure 5. Biogas power plant on-site in the production process.
Applsci 14 05858 g005
Applsci 14 05858 g006
Figure 6. The thermal energy which is needed for the warming up of the primary digester.
Figure 6. The thermal energy which is needed for the warming up of the primary digester.
Applsci 14 05858 g006
Table 1. Yields of biogas from manure of domestic animals.
Table 1. Yields of biogas from manure of domestic animals.
A Species of Domestic AnimalAverage Daily Inflow of Liquid Manure at Average Organic Matter Content by Weight of 11% The Proportion of Organic Matter Content in the Liquid Manure (gomc)The Proportion of Organic Matter Content in the Liquid Manure (gomc)Average Nitrogen Content in Organic Matter ContentC:N Ratio in Organic Matter ContentAverage Biogas Yield)Average Biogas Yield
[kg/day × LSU][%][kg/day × LSU][%] [m3/(kgorganic mattercontent × day)][ƒbg(kgorganic mattercontent × day)]
Dairy cattle4510.54.71.7 ÷ 6.0(17 ÷ 25):10.18 ÷ 0.330.846 ÷ 1.551
Cattle in fattening29113.21.7 ÷ 6.0(17 ÷ 25):10.16 ÷ 0.320.512 ÷ 1.024
Breeding cows30123.63.8(6 ÷ 12):10.34 ÷ 0.551.224 ÷ 1.980
Pigs in fattening2611.5433.8(6 ÷ 12.5):10.30 ÷ 0.550.900 ÷ 1.650
The laying hens5811.036.46.0 ÷ 6.5(7 ÷ 15):10.31 ÷ 0.621.984 ÷ 3.968
Broiler chicken4810.625.16.315:10.30 ÷ 0.561.530 ÷ 2.856
Sheep2811.073.13.833:10.09 ÷ 0.310.279 ÷ 0.961
Horses3210.943.52.325:10.20 ÷ 0.300.700 ÷ 1.051
Note: LSU—livestock unit.
Table 2. The characteristics of the membrane for the storage.
Table 2. The characteristics of the membrane for the storage.
The Internal Membrane
MaterialPELD
Thickness0.8 mm
Weight750 g/m2
Tautness/firmness650 N/cm
Surface resistance˂3 × 109 Ohm
The resistance of leaking˂3 × 109 Ohm
The permeability of the gas (methane)260 cm3/m2 × d × 1 bar
The resistance to the temperature−30 °C ± 70 °C
The Outer Membrane
Materialdouble PVC—covered with polyester cloth
Weight670 g/m2
Tautness/firmness3000 N/cm
Surface resistance˂3 × 109 Ohm
The resistance of leaking˂3 × 108 Ohm
The permeability of the gas (methane)260 cm3/m2 × d × 1 bar
The resistance to the temperature−30 °C ± 70 °C
Table 3. The thermal energy which is needed for the warming up of the digester.
Table 3. The thermal energy which is needed for the warming up of the digester.
Monthd/mEntry TemperatureThe Temperature of the DigesterThe Difference of the TemperaturesNecessary Thermal EnergyNecessary Thermal Energy
°C°C°CkWkWh/m
January315.040.535.587.565.097
February286.040.534.585.057.141
March318.040.532.580.159.596
April3010.040.530.575.254.124
May3112.040.528.570.252.261
June3015.040.525.562.845.251
July3117.040.523.557.943.092
August3117.040.523.557.943.092
September3014.040.526.565.347.026
October3112.040.528.570.252.261
November308.040.532.580.157.673
December316.040.534.585.063.263
Sum877.2639.878
Average 73.153.323
Maximum87.565.097
Minimum57.943.092
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Josimović, L.; Prvulović, S.; Djordjević, L.; Bicok, I.; Bakator, M.; Premčevski, V.; Šarenac, U.; Šeljmeši, D. Enhancing Biogas Plant Efficiency for the Production of Electrical and Thermal Energy. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 5858. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135858

AMA Style

Josimović L, Prvulović S, Djordjević L, Bicok I, Bakator M, Premčevski V, Šarenac U, Šeljmeši D. Enhancing Biogas Plant Efficiency for the Production of Electrical and Thermal Energy. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(13):5858. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135858

Chicago/Turabian Style

Josimović, Ljubisa, Slavica Prvulović, Luka Djordjević, Ivana Bicok, Mihalj Bakator, Velibor Premčevski, Uroš Šarenac, and Dalibor Šeljmeši. 2024. "Enhancing Biogas Plant Efficiency for the Production of Electrical and Thermal Energy" Applied Sciences 14, no. 13: 5858. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135858

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop