Early Detection and Stability Assessment of Hazardous Rock Masses in Steep Slopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Brief Report on Engineering Background and Geological Setting
3. Method
3.1. Processing of Aerial Survey Image Data
3.2. Early Identification Model of Dangerous Rock Mass
3.3. Stability Evaluation Index System and Weight Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Early Identification Results of Dangerous Rock Masses
4.2. Stability Evaluation Results and Verification
4.3. Limitations of the Proposed Approach
5. Conclusions
- The UAV photogrammetry technology was utilized to acquire high-resolution remote sensing images, a three-dimensional point-cloud model, and other data results. The topographic conditions of the slope were extracted and superimposed through the geographic information system in order to identify potential dangerous rock areas and generate a map of hazardous rock zones.
- Based on the three-dimensional model, a detailed investigation was conducted into the development characteristics and instability mode of the hazardous rocks. The distribution and development characteristics of the hazardous rock mass were categorized into three dangerous rock belts, with consensus identifying 17 hazardous rock masses. These masses were primarily distributed within an elevation range of 150~200 m, mostly small- to medium-sized in scale.
- An evaluation index system for assessing the stability of hazardous rock masses has been established, with nine influencing factors selected as stability evaluation indices. The weights of these indices have been determined using analytic hierarchy process. Evaluation results indicate that W4, W6, and W10 rocks in the study area are unstable, accounting for 17.6% based on verification by applying the limit equilibrium principle.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Maximum Value | Minimum Value | Mean Value |
---|---|---|---|
Annual rainfall (mm) | 1125.00 | 285.27 | >600.00 |
Argument | Weight (%) |
---|---|
Slope (Ws) | 50 |
Topographic correlation (Wc) | 25 |
Vegetation coverage (Wv) | 25 |
Primary Index | Secondary Index | Grading Standard | Index Score (S) |
---|---|---|---|
Geological factor (X1) | Control structural plane inclination (X11) | α ≥ 70° | 10 |
50° ≤ α < 70° | 7 | ||
30° ≤ α < 50° | 4 | ||
α < 30° | 1 | ||
Bottom hanging ratio (X12) | Suspension ratio L ≥ 1/4 | 10 | |
1/5 ≤ L < 1/4 | 7 | ||
1/10 ≤ L < 1/5 | 4 | ||
L < 1/10 | 1 | ||
Boundary case (X13) | There are obvious signs of mis-opening | 10 | |
There is a steepness through the structural plane | 7 | ||
Surface separation cracks through | 4 | ||
Surface separation cracks are not penetrating | 1 | ||
Weathering of rock mass (X15) | Full weathering | 10 | |
Strong weathering | 7 | ||
Moderate weathering | 4 | ||
Aeration | 1 | ||
Topographic factor (X2) | Slope grade (X21) | Precipice (α ≥ 60°) | 10 |
Rock steepness (45° ≤ α < 60°) | 7 | ||
Rocky steep slope (30° ≤ α < 45°) | 4 | ||
Dangerous rock slope (α < 30°) | 1 | ||
Vegetation coverage (X22) | Weeds | 10 | |
Shrub trees are sparse | 7 | ||
Trees grow into full trees | 4 | ||
Shrub forest | 1 | ||
Inducing factor (X3) | Rainfall action (X31) | Daily precipitation > 50 mm | 10 |
Daily precipitation 25~50 mm | 7 | ||
Daily precipitation 10~25 mm | 4 | ||
Daily precipitation < 10 mm | 1 | ||
Seismic action (X32) | Earthquake intensity above 7 degrees | 10 | |
6~7 earthquake intensity area | 7 | ||
5~6 earthquake intensity area | 4 | ||
Earthquake intensity below 5 degrees | 1 | ||
Human engineering activity (X33) | Excavation blasting | 10 | |
Unreasonable slope cutting | 7 | ||
Irrigation activity | 4 | ||
Minor engineering disturbance | 1 |
A1 | A2 | … | An | |
---|---|---|---|---|
A1 | a11 | a12 | … | a1n |
A2 | a21 | a22 | … | a2n |
… | … | … | … | … |
An | an1 | an2 | … | ann |
Scale | Implication |
---|---|
1 | Both factors are of equal importance |
3 | Compared with the two factors, the former is slightly more important than the latter |
5 | Compared with the two factors, the former is significantly more important than the latter |
7 | Compared with the two factors, the former is more important than the latter |
9 | Compared with the two factors, the former is more important than the latter |
2, 4, 6, 8 | Represents the median value of adjacent judgments |
Count backwards | The comparison judgment value of elements i and j is aij, indicating that the comparison judgment value of elements j and i is aji = 1/aij |
n | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
RI | 0 | 0 | 0.52 | 0.89 | 1.12 | 1.24 | 1.36 | 1.41 | 1.46 | 1.49 | 1.52 | 1.54 | 1.56 | 1.58 |
S | X1 | X2 | X3 | Wi |
---|---|---|---|---|
X1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0.5396 |
X2 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 0.2970 |
X3 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 0.1634 |
X1 | X11 | X12 | X13 | X14 | Wi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
X11 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0.4554 |
X12 | 1/2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0.2628 |
X13 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 0.1409 |
X14 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 1 | 1 | 0.1409 |
X2 | X21 | X22 | Wi |
---|---|---|---|
X21 | 1 | 3 | 0.7500 |
X22 | 1/3 | 1 | 0.2500 |
X3 | X31 | X32 | X33 | Wi |
---|---|---|---|---|
X31 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0.5936 |
X32 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 0.2493 |
X33 | 1/3 | 1/4 | 1 | 0.1571 |
Index | Weight |
---|---|
Control structural plane inclination X11 | 0.2457 |
Bottom hanging ratio X12 | 0.1418 |
Boundary case X13 | 0.0760 |
Weathering condition X14 | 0.0760 |
Slope grade X21 | 0.2227 |
Vegetation coverage X22 | 0.0742 |
Rainfall action X31 | 0.0970 |
Seismic action X32 | 0.0407 |
Human engineering activity X33 | 0.0257 |
Instability probability P | P ≥ 6 | 3 ≤ P < 6 | P < 3 |
Stability classification | Unstable | Relatively stable | Stable |
Number of Dangerous Rock Mass | Evaluation Index Value | Instability Probability (P) | Stability Classification | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
X11 | X12 | X13 | X14 | X21 | X22 | X31 | X32 | X33 | |||
W1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5.56 | Relatively stable |
W2 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 4.91 | Relatively stable |
W3 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 4.78 | Relatively stable |
W4 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 7.35 | Unstable |
W5 | 3 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5.76 | Relatively stable |
W6 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 6.10 | Unstable |
W7 | 10 | 0 | 7 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5.54 | Relatively stable |
W8 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5.22 | Relatively stable |
W9 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5.36 | Relatively stable |
W10 | 10 | 1 | 10 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 6.22 | Unstable |
W11 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 5.36 | Relatively stable |
W12 | 10 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 10 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 4.48 | Relatively stable |
W13 | 7 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 2.90 | Stable |
W14 | 4 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 3.33 | Unstable |
W15 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 2.90 | Stable |
W16 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 2.90 | Stable |
W17 | 10 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 3.57 | Relatively stable |
Failure Mode of Dangerous Rock | Unstable | Basically Stable | Stable |
---|---|---|---|
Slump type dangerous rock | <1.0 | 1.0~1.3 | >1.3 |
Tipping rock | <1.0 | 1.0~1.5 | >1.5 |
Falling dangerous rock | <1.0 | 1.0~1.5 | >1.5 |
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Bai, M.; Cui, Z.; Mou, K. Early Detection and Stability Assessment of Hazardous Rock Masses in Steep Slopes. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 6317. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146317
Bai M, Cui Z, Mou K. Early Detection and Stability Assessment of Hazardous Rock Masses in Steep Slopes. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(14):6317. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146317
Chicago/Turabian StyleBai, Mingzhou, Zhuangzhuang Cui, and Kai Mou. 2024. "Early Detection and Stability Assessment of Hazardous Rock Masses in Steep Slopes" Applied Sciences 14, no. 14: 6317. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14146317