Evaluation of Non-Saccharomyces Yeast for Low-Alcohol Beer Production
Abstract
:Featured Application
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.1.1. Chemicals
2.1.2. Microorganisms
2.2. Microbial Analyses
2.2.1. Sugar Utilization
- -: no gas bubble,
- +/-: inconclusive (gas bubble in some repetitions),
- +: gas bubble filling less than half of the Durham test tube in more than a half of the cases,
- ++: gas bubble filling more than half the Durham test tube in more than a half of the cases.
2.2.2. Resistance to Stress Factors
2.2.3. Phenolic Off-Flavor Production
2.2.4. β-Glucosidase Activity
2.2.5. β-Lyase Activity
- -: no growth,
- +: individual colonies grown on the plate,
- ++: many colonies grown on the plate.
2.3. Brewing Tests
2.3.1. Wort Preparation and Yeast Pitching
2.3.2. Course of Fermentation
2.3.3. Alcohol, Real and Apparent Extract Content, Real and Apparent Attenuation, Caloric Content
2.3.4. Color
2.3.5. Titratable Acidity and pH
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Microbial Analyses
3.1.1. Sugar Utilization
3.1.2. Phenolic off Flavor Production
3.1.3. Enzymatic Activities
3.1.4. Resistance to Stress Factors
3.2. Fermentative Analyses
3.2.1. Fermentation Course
3.2.2. Beer and Wort Physicochemical Characteristics
3.3. Limitations and Insights of a Study
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strain | Glucose | Sucrose | Maltose | Lactose | β-Lyase | POF+ Ferulic Acid | POF+ p-Coumaric Acid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HU1 | + | +/- | - | - | ++ | - | - |
HU2 | ++ | - | - | - | ++ | - | - |
KL1 | + | + | - | - | + | +/- | - |
MP1 | + | - | - | - | + | - | - |
MP2 | ++ | + | - | - | +/- | - | - |
MP3 | + | - | - | - | - | - | - |
MP4 | ++ | + | - | - | - | - | - |
MP5 | + | - | - | - | ++ | - | - |
MP6 | + | - | - | - | ++ | - | - |
MP7 | + | ++ | - | - | - | - | - |
MP8 | +/- | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | - |
MP9 | ++ | +/- | - | - | - | - | - |
NI1 | ++ | - | - | - | + | +/- | - |
TD1 | + | + | - | - | ++ | - | - |
WO1 | + | + | - | - | ++ | + | + |
WA1 | + | + | ++ | - | ++ | + | + |
ZM1 | + | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | - |
ZM2 | + | ++ | - | - | ++ | - | - |
S.C. | ++ | + | ++ | - | ++ | + | - |
T-58 POF+ | + | - |
Strain | 0% Alcohol | 1.5% Alcohol | 3% Alcohol | 4.5% Alcohol | 6% Alcohol | 7.5% Alcohol | 9% Alcohol | 50 IBU | 90 IBU |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HU1 | 1.150 | 0.879 | 0.472 | 0.197 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.016 | 0.945 | 0.999 |
HU2 | 1.220 | 1.001 | 0.810 | 0.272 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.979 | 1.178 |
KL1 | 1.364 | 1.131 | 1.170 | 0.677 | 0.304 | 0.061 | 0.000 | 1.291 | 1.266 |
MP1 | 1.125 | 0.534 | 0.657 | 0.198 | 0.008 | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.983 | 1.005 |
MP2 | 1.283 | 1.351 | 0.669 | 0.555 | 0.003 | 0.028 | 0.000 | 1.107 | 1.137 |
MP3 | 1.140 | 1.077 | 0.454 | 0.160 | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 1.040 | 0.970 |
MP4 | 1.350 | 1.221 | 0.788 | 0.534 | 0.151 | 0.020 | 0.004 | 1.179 | 1.204 |
MP5 | 1.275 | 1.050 | 0.821 | 0.130 | 0.034 | 0.018 | 0.021 | 1.130 | 1.174 |
MP6 | 1.143 | 1.182 | 0.621 | 0.305 | 0.026 | 0.013 | 0.018 | 1.097 | 1.106 |
MP7 | 1.076 | 1.090 | 0.589 | 0.226 | 0.006 | 0.016 | 0.000 | 1.012 | 1.101 |
MP8 | 1.159 | 1.327 | 0.653 | 0.531 | 0.024 | 0.050 | 0.000 | 1.053 | 1.106 |
MP9 | 1.077 | 1.060 | 0.696 | 0.130 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 1.037 | 1.017 |
NI1 | 1.484 | 1.158 | 1.098 | 0.698 | 0.248 | 0.057 | 0.000 | 0.712 | 0.737 |
TD1 | 1.535 | 1.388 | 1.205 | 0.700 | 0.240 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 1.455 | 1.444 |
WO1 | 1.131 | 1.225 | 0.773 | 0.558 | 0.165 | 0.027 | 0.024 | 1.013 | 0.959 |
WA1 | 1.250 | 1.442 | 1.178 | 0.841 | 0.614 | 0.490 | 0.070 | 1.218 | 1.206 |
ZM1 | 1.115 | 0.720 | 0.628 | 0.190 | 0.026 | 0.008 | 0.017 | 0.896 | 0.959 |
ZM2 | 1.125 | 0.918 | 0.588 | 0.273 | 0.032 | 0.030 | 0.023 | 0.931 | 1.035 |
S.C. | 1.285 | 1.357 | 1.305 | 1.269 | 1.273 | 1.136 | 0.642 | 1.225 | 1.202 |
Alcohol [%vol] | Original Extract [°P] | Apparent Extract [°P] | ADF (% w/w) | Real Extract [°P] | Caloric Content [kJ/100 mL] | Density [g/cm3] | Color [EBC] | Titratable Acidity (mL 1 M NaOH/100 mL of Beer) | pH | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HU1 | 0.42 abc (±0.04) | 9.09 (±0.08) | 8.30 b (±0.15) | 8.72 a (±0.93) | 8.45 b (±0.14) | 140 (±1.33) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.5 abcde (±0.68) | 1.56 ab (±0.16) | 4.46 abcd (±0.52) |
HU2 | 0.39 ab (±0.04) | 8.69 (±0.49) | 7.97 b ±0.54 | 8.37 a (±1.25) | 8.11 b (±0.52) | 134 (±7.88) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 15.2 ab (±0.78) | 1.18 a (±0.34) | 5.41 e (±0.4) |
KL1 | 0.83 e (±0.07) | 9.02 (±0.11) | 7.45 b (±0.24) | 17.5 b (±1.73) | 7.76 b (±0.22) | 139 (±1.93) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.3 abcd (±0.66) | 2.00 abc (±0.96) | 4.55 abcde (±0.57) |
MP1 | 0.42 abc (±0.03) | 8.19 (±1.42) | 7.40 b (±1.38) | 9.50 a (±1.22) | 7.56 b (±1.38) | 126 (±22.6) | 1.03 b (±0.01) | 16.2 abcd (±0.55) | 2.99 cd (±0.68) | 4.12 abc (±0.3) |
MP2 | 0.71 bcde (±0.01) | 8.92 (±0.08) | 7.57 b (±0.08) | 15.1 b (±0.29) | 7.84 b (±0.08) | 137 (±1.32) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.7 bcde (±0.18) | 2.23 abc (±0.45) | 4.5 abcde (±0.48) |
MP3 | 0.33 a (±0.01) | 7.85 (±0.29) | 7.23 b (±0.28) | 7.98 a (±0.15) | 7.35 b (±0.28) | 121 (±4.55) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 14.6 a (±0.73) | 1.59 ab (±0.42) | 5.08 de (±0.06) |
MP4 | 0.71 bcde (±0.03) | 8.98 (±0.18) | 7.64 b (±0.13) | 14.8 b (±0.26) | 7.91 b (±0.15) | 138 (±2.82) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.6 abcde (±0.35) | 2.08 abc (±0.39) | 4.82 bcde (±0.07) |
MP5 | 0.42 abc (±0.04) | 8.85 (±0.26) | 8.08 b (±0.33) | 8.83 a (±1.03) | 8.23 b (±0.32) | 137 (±4.19) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.2 abcd (±0.86) | 3.64 d (±0.40) | 3.74 a (±0.05) |
MP6 | 0.36 a (±0.13) | 8.63 (±0.53) | 7.96 b (±0.33) | 7.68 a (±2.34) | 8.09 b (±0.37) | 133 (±8.32) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 18.4 e (±1.18) | 1.51 ab (±0.29) | 5.14 de (±0.13) |
MP7 | 0.45 abcd (±0.09) | 9.07 (±0.08) | 8.22 b (±0.09) | 9.36 a (±1.78) | 8.39 b (±0.05) | 140 (±1.22) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.3 abcd (±0.34) | 1.88 abc (±0.28) | 4.83 bcde (±0.37) |
MP8 | 0.39 ab (±0.09) | 8.93 (±0.06) | 8.20 b (±0.11) | 8.18 a (±1.83) | 8.34 b (±0.08) | 138 (±0.94) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.2 abcd (±0.70) | 1.44 ab (±0.39) | 5.09 de (±0.12) |
MP9 | 0.41 abc (±0.06) | 9.07 (±0.01) | 8.31 b (±0.12) | 8.38 a (±1.19) | 8.46 b (±0.1) | 140 (±0.29) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.9 bcde (±0.02) | 2.96 cd (±0.04) | 3.79 a (±0.06) |
NI1 | 0.46 abcd (±0.01) | 9.10 (±0.03) | 8.25 b (±0.03) | 9.40 a (±0.11) | 8.41 b (±0.03) | 141 (±0.38) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.1 abcd (±0.17) | 3.16 cd (±0.45) | 3.96 ab (±0.02) |
TD1 | 0.80 e (±0.05) | 8.94 (±0.20) | 7.44 b (±0.21) | 16.8 b (±1.10) | 7.74 b (±0.21) | 137 (±3.14) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.1 abcd (±0.76) | 2.07 abc (±0.26) | 4.60 abcde (±0.63) |
WO1 | 0.74 cde (±0.07) | 8.76 (±0.28) | 7.36 b (±0.27) | 15.9 b (±1.34) | 7.64 b (±0.27) | 135 (±4.57) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 15.5 abc (±0.13) | 1.58 ab (±0.26) | 4.80 bcde (±0.01) |
WA1 | 0.78 de (±0.02) | 9.07 (±0.03) | 7.60 b (±0.05) | 16.2 b (±0.42) | 7.89 b (±0.04) | 140 (±0.57) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 16.7 bcde (±0.83) | 2.62 bcd (±0.14) | 4.34 abcd (±0.3) |
ZM1 | 0.42 abc (±0.02) | 8.80 (±0.3) | 8.02 b (±0.27) | 8.86 a (±0.01) | 8.18 b (±0.28) | 136 (±4.73) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 17.6 de (±0.10) | 2.25 abc (±0.37) | 4.94 cde (±0.11) |
ZM2 | 0.46 abcd (±0.04) | 9.02 (±0.12) | 8.16 b (±0.11) | 9.56 a (±0.70) | 8.32 b (±0.11) | 139 (±1.9) | 1.03 b (±0.00) | 17.3 cde (±1.11) | 1.58 ab (±0.42) | 4.96 cde (±0.07) |
S.C. | 3.61 f (±0.41) | 8.50 (±0.9) | 1.55 a (±0.14) | 81.8 c (±0.46) | 2.89 a (±0.29) | 126 (±13.7) | 1.00 a (±0.00) | 14.9 ab (±0.57) | 2.55 bcd (±0.34) | 4.46 abcd (±0.18) |
Wort | 0.01 (±0.01) | 9.22 (±0.01) | 9.21 (±0.00) | 0.19 (±0.17) | 9.21 (±0.00) | 143 (±0.19) | 1.03 (±0.00) | 19.2 (±0.33) | 0.80 (±0.03) | 6.05 (±0.02) |
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Klimczak, K.; Cioch-Skoneczny, M.; Poreda, A. Evaluation of Non-Saccharomyces Yeast for Low-Alcohol Beer Production. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 6755. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156755
Klimczak K, Cioch-Skoneczny M, Poreda A. Evaluation of Non-Saccharomyces Yeast for Low-Alcohol Beer Production. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(15):6755. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156755
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlimczak, Krystian, Monika Cioch-Skoneczny, and Aleksander Poreda. 2024. "Evaluation of Non-Saccharomyces Yeast for Low-Alcohol Beer Production" Applied Sciences 14, no. 15: 6755. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14156755