Revolutionizing Roadways: High-Performance Warm Mix Asphalt Binder with Trinidad Lake Asphalt and Recycled Tire Rubber
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Design
2.1. Materials
2.2. Production and Sampling of TLA Modified Rubberized Binders
2.3. Evaluation of Binder
2.3.1. Superpave Binder Testing
2.3.2. Multiple Stress Creep Recover (MSCR) Test
2.4. Statistical Analysis Method
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Rotational Viscosity
3.2. Rutting Property (G*/sin )
3.3. Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) Test
% Recovery and Jnr Condition for Both Original and RTFO Condition
3.4. Fatigue Cracking Property (Intermediate Failure)
3.5. Thermal Cracking Property (Low Temperature)
4. Conclusions
- Reduction in Viscosity: Addition of LC substantially decreases the viscosity of modified binders at temperatures of 135 °C and 180 °C, improving their ease of use and reducing the amount of energy needed for mixing and compacting. This decrease in viscosity is in line with the goals of warm mix asphalt technologies, which aim to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions while still maintaining the necessary stiffness for optimal performance at high temperatures.
- Enhanced Rutting Resistance: The inclusion of TLA, CRM, and LC significantly improves the ability of asphalt binders to resist rutting. The study found notable enhancements in both pre- and post-aging conditions, with LC demonstrating exceptional efficacy. The combination of PG64-22, 20% TLA, and 10% CRM demonstrated enhanced resistance to rutting and long-term durability, as verified by RTFO tests.
- Improved Performance Metrics: The modifications resulted in significant enhancements in the percentage recovery (% rec) and non-recoverable creep compliance (Jnr). The combination of TLA, CRM, and LC led to improved flexibility and resistance to deformation, resulting in the development of high-performance warm mix asphalt binders.
- Balanced Rigidity and Flexibility: The inclusion of LC consistently reduces the elevated rigidity and enhanced susceptibility to fatigue cracking that is commonly linked to higher levels of TLA and CRM. The equilibrium achieved guarantees a strong and reliable performance of the modified binders when exposed to elevated temperatures and demanding stress conditions.
- Environmental Benefits: Enhanced formulations aid in environmental sustainability by decreasing energy usage and emissions throughout the production and paving of asphalt. Furthermore, these alterations improve the resilience and lifespan of the pavement.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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States of Aging | Test Properties | Test Result |
---|---|---|
Unaged binder | Viscosity @ 135 °C (cP) | 755 |
Viscosity @ 180 °C (cP) | 285 | |
G*/sin δ @ 64 °C (kPa) | 2.01 | |
RTFO aged residual | G*/sin δ @ 64 °C (kPa) | 5.25 |
RTFO + PAV aged residual | G*sin δ @ 25 °C (kPa) | 3400 |
Stiffness @ −12 °C (MPa) | 185 | |
m-value @ −12 °C | 0.33 |
Properties | Test Method | Test Result |
---|---|---|
Penetration (25 °C) | ASTM D5 [24] | 1–4 |
Density | ASTM D70 [25] | 1.40–1.42 g/m3 |
Softening point | ASTM D36 [26] | 199 °F–208 °F |
Flash point | ASTM D92 [27] | 255 °C–266 °C |
Fire point | ASTM D92 (Cleaveland open cup) [27] | 305 °C–310 °C |
Sieve Number | % Cumulative Passed Size ≤ 0.5 mm |
---|---|
#4 | 100 |
#8 | 100 |
#30 | 100 |
#50 | 58 |
#100 | 17 |
#200 | 2.3 |
Property | Synonym/Content (%) |
---|---|
Chemical Properties | |
Polyethylene | Polyethylene |
Content (%) | 43–54 |
Zinc distearate | Octadecanoic acid, zinc salt |
Content (%) | 18–25 |
Hydrogenated Palm Oil | Palmitic acid |
Content (%) | 25–30 |
Physical Properties | |
Specific gravity | 0.91–0.95 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 100–120 °C |
Viscosity at Original Condition at 135 °C | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination | PG64-22 | PG 64-22 + 10%TLA | PG64-22 + 20%TLA | CRM 5% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | CRM 10% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | |
135C | PG64-22 | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM5% | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | |||
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Viscosity at Original Condition at 180 °C | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination | PG64-22 | PG64-22 + 10%TLA | PG64-22 + 20%TLA | CRM 5% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | CRM 10% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | |
180C | PG64-22 | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA | - | - | S | N | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM5% | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Viscoelasticity at Original Condition at 64 °C | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination | PG64-22 | PG64-22 + 10%TLA | PG64-22 + 20%TLA | CRM 5% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | CRM 10% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | |
64C | PG64-22 | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM5% | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Viscoelasticity RTFO Condition at 64 °C | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination | PG64-22 | PG64-22 + 10%TLA | PG64-22 + 20%TLA | CRM 5% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | CRM 10% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | |
64C | PG64-22 | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM5% | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
% Recovery Original Condition at 64 °C | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination | PG64-22 | PG64-22 + 10%TLA | PG64-22 + 20%TLA | CRM 5% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | CRM 10% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | |
64C | PG64-22 | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM5% | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
% Recovery RTFO Condition at 64 °C | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination | PG64-22 | PG64-22 + 10%TLA | PG64-22 + 20%TLA | CRM 5% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | CRM 10% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | |
64C | PG64-22 | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM5% | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
PAV Condition at 25 °C | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination | PG64-22 | PG64-22 + 10%TLA | PG64-22 + 20%TLA | CRM 5% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | CRM 10% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | |
RTFO + PAV | PG64-22 | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM5% | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
RTFO + PAV | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combination | PG64-22 | PG64-22 + 10%TLA | PG64-22 + 20%TLA | CRM 5% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5% LC | CRM 10% | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5% LC | |
RTFO + PAV | PG64-22 | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | S | S |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA | - | - | S | S | S | N | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM5% | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 5% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | S | S | |
CRM10% | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | S | N | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | N | S | |
PG64-22 + 10%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10%CRM | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | S | |
PG64-22 + 20%TLA + 10% CRM + 1.5%LC | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Vigneswaran, S.; Yun, J.; Lee, M.-S.; Jeong, K.-D.; Lee, S.-J. Revolutionizing Roadways: High-Performance Warm Mix Asphalt Binder with Trinidad Lake Asphalt and Recycled Tire Rubber. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7211. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167211
Vigneswaran S, Yun J, Lee M-S, Jeong K-D, Lee S-J. Revolutionizing Roadways: High-Performance Warm Mix Asphalt Binder with Trinidad Lake Asphalt and Recycled Tire Rubber. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7211. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167211
Chicago/Turabian StyleVigneswaran, Shyaamkrishnan, Jihyeon Yun, Moon-Sup Lee, Kyu-Dong Jeong, and Soon-Jae Lee. 2024. "Revolutionizing Roadways: High-Performance Warm Mix Asphalt Binder with Trinidad Lake Asphalt and Recycled Tire Rubber" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7211. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167211