From the Environment to Molecular Interactions of Nanoplastics: Unraveling the Neurotoxic Impacts and the Implications in Neurodegenerative Processes
Abstract
:1. Introduction and Focus of the Review: From the Environment to Molecular Interactions of Plastic Particles
2. Definition and Characterization of Plastics
3. Presence of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Environmental Matrices and Food
3.1. Water
3.2. Soil
3.3. Air
3.4. Food
4. Human Exposure through Different Routes
5. Neurodegenerative Diseases and Environmental Factors
6. Mechanisms of Plastic Particles’ Transfer to the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Effects on the Blood–Brain Barrier
7. Molecular Effects of Nanoplastics in Processes of Neurotoxicity and Neurodegeneration
7.1. In Vitro and In Silico Interaction of Nanoplastics with Superoxide Dismutase and Amyloid Protein Formation: Implications for Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration
7.2. Nanoplastics Affect the Transcriptomics and Epigenomic in Neuronal Models
8. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plastic Particle Size | Plastic Type | Model Used | Target and Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
5 nm | PS | Computational model | Gastrointestinal barrier and BBB crossing | [8] |
30–50 nm | PS | Mouse | Brain accumulation (hippocampus) | [113] |
30–50 nm | PS | Rat primary culture of microglia | Internalization, microglia activation, and neuroinflammation | [113] |
25 and 50 nm | PS | Pregnant rat | Transgenerational accumulation in the brains of fetuses | [125] |
50 nm | PS | RBL-2H3 cells (rat basophilic leukemia cells) | Cell membrane crossing and delivery to lysosomes | [103] |
50 nm | PS | Mouse | Brain accumulation | [115] |
50 nm | PS | hCMEC/D3 human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (BBB model) | Internalization, tight junction disturbance, decreased occludin expression, necroptosis | [115] |
50 nm | PS | Mouse | Increased permeability and BBB disruption | [114] |
50 nm | PS | Mouse b.End.3 endothelial cells (BBB model) | BBB disruption by ferroptosis contribution | [114] |
100 nm | PS | Mouse hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells | Internalization and decreased viability | [117] |
293 nm * | PS | Mouse | Presence of particles in brain tissues | [8] |
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Urani, C.; Barbieri, R.; Alloisio, S.; Tesauro, M. From the Environment to Molecular Interactions of Nanoplastics: Unraveling the Neurotoxic Impacts and the Implications in Neurodegenerative Processes. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 7280. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167280
Urani C, Barbieri R, Alloisio S, Tesauro M. From the Environment to Molecular Interactions of Nanoplastics: Unraveling the Neurotoxic Impacts and the Implications in Neurodegenerative Processes. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):7280. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167280
Chicago/Turabian StyleUrani, Chiara, Raffaella Barbieri, Susanna Alloisio, and Marina Tesauro. 2024. "From the Environment to Molecular Interactions of Nanoplastics: Unraveling the Neurotoxic Impacts and the Implications in Neurodegenerative Processes" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 7280. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167280